{"id":8895,"date":"2013-09-01T20:04:32","date_gmt":"2013-09-01T17:04:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=8895"},"modified":"2017-05-13T20:27:38","modified_gmt":"2017-05-13T17:27:38","slug":"turkiyede-kazilmis-arkeolojik-batiklar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2013\/09\/01\/turkiyede-kazilmis-arkeolojik-batiklar","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f arkeolojik bat\u0131klar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Denizin dibinde miydin ey bat\u0131k,\u00a0<\/strong>yoksa tarihin koynunda m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bat\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak bilgi hazineden k\u0131ymetlidir. \u0130sterse binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce batm\u0131\u015f olsun, bat\u0131klar, deniz ticaretinin arkeolojik niteliklerinden gemi yap\u0131m teknolojisinin geli\u015fimine; ait oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemin sosyal, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel boyutlar\u0131ndan do\u011fas\u0131na; geminin yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve varmas\u0131 planlanan limanlardan rotas\u0131na; m\u00fcrettebatlar\u0131ndan bat\u0131\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcne \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede bilgi sa\u011flar. 15 m\u2019den derine inen bat\u0131klar, hele bir de kumla \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve insan tahribat\u0131ndan pa\u00e7ay\u0131 s\u0131y\u0131rabilmi\u015flerse, zaman\u0131n hoyrat ellerinden saklanabilirler. Onlara dalmak tam olarak tarihe dalmakt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci<\/strong><\/p>\n

Arkeoloji bilimi sualt\u0131na ilk kez denizlerimizde indi. Daha \u00f6nce de sualt\u0131ndan eserler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yordu; ama sualt\u0131nda, karadaki bilimsel kaz\u0131larla ayn\u0131 ilkelerle, alan\u0131n t\u00fcm bilgisini toplamaya d\u00f6n\u00fck belgeleme y\u00f6ntemleriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, ilk kez bundan 50 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Gelidonya Burnu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131nda George Bass \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Sualt\u0131 arkeolojisinin do\u011fumunu \u00fcstlenen sular\u0131m\u0131z, b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinde de etkin oldu: George Bass\u2019\u0131n kurdu\u011fu INA (Institute of Nautical Arcaeology=Sualt\u0131 Arkeolojisi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc), Akdeniz – Ege sular\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131za odaklanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla alan\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc haline geldi; \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan eserlerin yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi Bodrum Sualt\u0131 Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi de, sualt\u0131n\u0131n zengin tarihsel miras\u0131n\u0131n sergilendi\u011fi d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir m\u00fczeye\u2026<\/p>\n

\"\"
Arkeolog dalg\u0131\u00e7, Uluburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bak\u0131r k\u00fcl\u00e7eler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Bat\u0131ktan 10 ton bak\u0131r k\u00fcl\u00e7e \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Akdeniz, hele Ege\u2019yi de bu b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u00e7 denize dahil edersek, M\u00d6 3. binden itibaren deniz ticaretinin ba\u015f sahnesi olmu\u015ftur. Akdeniz\u2019in t\u00fcm k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f kentler aras\u0131nda, deniz yoluyla mal de\u011fi\u015ftoku\u015fu (ve tabii k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fim de) bu tarihlerden ba\u015flar, b\u00fct\u00fcn arkeolojik d\u00f6nemler boyunca yo\u011fun olarak s\u00fcrer. \u00dczerinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z topraklar uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 be\u015fi\u011finde sallarken, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z da erken denizcilik uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131, giderek daha geni\u015f b\u00f6lgeleri kapsayan deniz ticaretini ve su yoluyla kolonile\u015ftirme etkinliklerini beslemektedir. Bu ge\u00e7mi\u015fin do\u011fal miras\u0131, Anadolu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda tarihe tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmeyi bekleyen y\u00fczlerce, hatta binlerce sessiz bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elbette, sualt\u0131 arkeolojisi sadece arkeolojik d\u00f6nemlerden kalan bat\u0131klarla ilgilenmez; sualt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f yerle\u015fmeler, limanlar, tersaneler ve eski \u00e7a\u011flardan yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemlere t\u00fcm bat\u0131klar, ayr\u0131ca denizcili\u011fe dair kara buluntular\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin karada bulunmu\u015f bat\u0131klar da ilgi kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin kara bat\u0131klar\u0131yla ilgili olarak sualt\u0131 arkeolojisi alan\u0131na son bomba, gene \u00fclkemizden, \u0130stanbul\u2019dan d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Marmaray-Metro kurtarma kaz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Theodosius Liman\u0131 (Yenikap\u0131) kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Bizans D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne ait 37 gemi, arkeoloji d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda da kendisinden s\u00f6z ettirmeye devam edecek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Sualt\u0131 arkeolojisinin \u00fclkemiz i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nem giderek daha fazla kavran\u0131yor. Son on y\u0131lda gerek akademik ve kurumsal d\u00fczeylerde, gerek bireysel giri\u015fimlerle sualt\u0131 arkeolojisini geli\u015ftirici \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00dcniversitelerimizde alanla ilgili bir\u00e7ok anabilim dal\u0131, y\u00fcksek lisans program\u0131 kuruluyor; \u00f6nemli projeler geli\u015ftiriliyor. Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcnv. Deniz Bilimleri Anabilim Dal\u0131\u2019ndan Harun \u00d6zda\u015f ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen, T\u00fcrkiye Bat\u0131k Envanteri Projesi, ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi, \u00f6nemli bir proje. \u00d6zda\u015f ve ekibi, 2005\u2019den bu yana yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda onlarca yeni bat\u0131k saptam\u0131\u015flar; ger\u00e7ek say\u0131n\u0131n bini ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, kimi kay\u0131tlardan da yola \u00e7\u0131karak tahmin ediliyor.<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da, T\u00fcrkiye sular\u0131nda bilimsel olarak (\u00e7o\u011fu INA taraf\u0131ndan) kaz\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcm bat\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcleri var. Sayfalara, kaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u0131ralar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, batt\u0131klar\u0131 tarihlere uygun yerle\u015ftiler. Bat\u0131klar\u0131n bat\u0131\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fcleri, kaz\u0131 ekibinin bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n konumundan, enkaz\u0131n durumundan, buluntular kadar bulunamayanlardan, co\u011frafi ve tarihsel bilgilerden ve kendi denizcilik deneyimlerinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 varsay\u0131msal senaryolard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eeytan Deresi bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 3600 y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesine gidelim, M\u00d6 17. y\u00fczy\u0131la, G\u00f6kova K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne. Bu k\u00f6rfezin eski \u00e7a\u011flardaki ad\u0131 Kerameikos\u2019du, bug\u00fcn Kerme de deniyor. O da ne, f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n i\u00e7inde bir o yana bir bu yana yatan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir tekne. K\u00f6rfez i\u00e7inde k\u0131sa mesafelerde seyreden, yeni \u00fcretilmi\u015f keramikleri bir yerle\u015fmeden di\u011ferine ta\u015f\u0131yan ticari bir tekne olmal\u0131. Olas\u0131l\u0131kla k\u00f6rfezle ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Keramos kentine ad\u0131n\u0131 veren bir keramik at\u00f6lyesinden y\u00fcklenmi\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitli depolama kaplar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor. Ahh, k\u0131y\u0131yla paralelli\u011fini korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tekne, burnu d\u00f6nmek \u00fczereyken, yandan \u00e7arpan \u015fiddetli r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n etkisiyle tehlikeli bir \u015fekilde yan yat\u0131yor; su almaya ba\u015flad\u0131; \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden alabora olacak\u2026 Y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011funu denize d\u00f6kerken, dalgalarla birlikte k\u0131y\u0131daki kayalara s\u00fcr\u00fckleniyor. Kayalara \u00e7arpma an\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lan tahtalar\u0131yla birlikte, teknede son ana kadar kalan iki pitos da, b\u00fct\u00fcn halde suyun dibine iniyor. Daha \u00f6nce denize d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve y\u00fczmekte olan \u00e7\u00f6mlekler kayalara \u00e7arparak par\u00e7alan\u0131yorlar. 27-33 m derinde yatan, tekneden artakalan 42 m2<\/sup>\u2019lik enkaz alan\u0131, y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ve bilgisini g\u00fcny\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karacak ekibi binlerce y\u0131l sessizce bekleyecek.<\/p>\n

\u015eeytan Deresi bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1973\u2019de s\u00fcngerci Cumhur Il\u0131k\u2019\u0131n INA ekibine deniz dibindeki 2 k\u00fcpten s\u00f6z etmesiyle bulunuyor. Enkaz alan\u0131nda George Bass ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 1973 ve 75 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131l\u0131yor. \u015eeytan Deresi\u2019nden bulunan iki kulplu pitoslar\u0131n, Beycesultan, Troya ve bir Minos kenti olan Crete\u2019de bulunanlarla g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi paralellikler, teknenin batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihi M\u00d6 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l olarak veriyor. Pitoslar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki kumluk alanda ah\u015faptan herhangi bir iz bulunamamas\u0131, tekne batmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, alabora oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir ah\u015fap kal\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n korunamam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiriyor. Pi\u015firme ara\u00e7lar\u0131, kandiller ve di\u011fer g\u00fcnl\u00fck e\u015fyalara rastlanmamas\u0131, teknenin k\u0131sa mesafeli yolculuklar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. \u015eeytan Deresi bat\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lanlar, Bodrum Sualt\u0131 Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi\u2019nde sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Uluburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 1325-1300 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir sonbahar. Suriye-Filistin aras\u0131ndaki bir limandan 15 m uzunlu\u011fundaki bir yelkenli yola \u00e7\u0131kar. Sonbahar\u0131n yumu\u015fak havalar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irmeden sezonun son seyrini yapacakt\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde denizcili\u011fi do\u011furan Akdeniz sular\u0131nda seyr\u00fcsefer yapmakta olan di\u011fer teknelerden bir fark\u0131 vard\u0131r bu yelkenlinin: Ancak krallar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131labilecek ticarete malzeme olacak zenginlik ve \u00e7e\u015fitliliktedir y\u00fck\u00fc. Ama Ortado\u011fulu kral\u0131n Ege d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan bir di\u011ferine (bir Miken kentine) yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 y\u00fck, ne yaz\u0131k ki son liman\u0131 yerine g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015facakt\u0131r. Gemi, Anadolu\u2019nun ikinci en g\u00fcney ucu olan Uluburun\u2019u d\u00f6nerken, belki d\u00fcmen tertibat\u0131nda bir sorun olu\u015ftu\u011fundan, belki yelken manevras\u0131 yaparken k\u0131y\u0131ya \u00e7ok yana\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, tersten esen bir r\u00fczg\u00e2rla kayalara \u00e7arpar ve y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc bir zaman kaps\u00fcl\u00fc gibi koruyacak olan denizin koynuna g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr… 3300 y\u0131l denizin 43-51 m derininde yatm\u0131\u015f olan Uluburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, bug\u00fcne dek bulunmu\u015f, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski deniz ticareti yapan gemisidir. Bu ke\u015fiften, pek \u00e7ok arkeolojik kaynakta ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli 10 ke\u015ffinden biri olarak s\u00f6z edilir.<\/p>\n

Uluburun kaz\u0131lar\u0131, \u015fimdiye dek en derinde ve en uzun s\u00fcre y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sualt\u0131 arkeoloji kaz\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. INA ekibi, Akdeniz-Ege k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki s\u00fcngercileri, Gelidonya bat\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kanlar gibi bak\u0131r k\u00fcl\u00e7eler arad\u0131klar\u0131ndan haberdar ederler. Bilgi s\u00fcngerciler aras\u0131nda yay\u0131l\u0131r ve Mehmet \u00c7ak\u0131r adl\u0131 s\u00fcngercinin haber vermesiyle bat\u0131k bulunur. Uluburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki kaz\u0131lar Cemal Pulak ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 11 y\u0131l boyunca s\u00fcrer. Y\u00fck\u00fc aras\u0131nda 10 ton bak\u0131r k\u00fcl\u00e7e; renkli cam k\u00fcl\u00e7eler; 1,5 ton menengi\u00e7 re\u00e7inesi; hurda alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madalyonlar, tak\u0131lar; 160 terazi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (muhtemelen 4 ayr\u0131 terazi tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu); k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar, kamalar, abanoz k\u00fct\u00fckler, fildi\u015fleri, alt\u0131n varakla kaplanm\u0131\u015f bir Tanr\u0131\u00e7a heykelci\u011fi, deveku\u015fu yumurtas\u0131, 1300 tane bal\u0131k a\u011f\u0131 kur\u015funu, olta, z\u0131pk\u0131n, havan ta\u015flar\u0131, zeytin, badem, \u00e7am f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tonlar\u0131 bulan y\u00fck kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, alt\u0131ndaki kumluk alanda, gemi ah\u015fab\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 2-5\u2019i\u00a0 bulunmu\u015ftur. Analizler geminin L\u00fcbnan sedirinden, z\u0131vanalar\u0131n ise me\u015feden yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r. Gemi g\u00f6vdesinden kalan bu az miktardaki malzeme, teknenin bilgisayar ortam\u0131nda modellemesinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar; Uluburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir kopyas\u0131 yap\u0131larak, i\u00e7indeki buluntular\u0131 g\u00f6sterir bi\u00e7imde Bodrum Sualt\u0131 Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi\u2019ne yerle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

Uluburun buluntular\u0131n\u0131n zenginli\u011fi, krallar aras\u0131nda mal de\u011fi\u015ftoku\u015funa dayal\u0131 bir ticareti i\u015faret eder. Bu niteliklere sahip ticaretin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00f6nemin tabletlerinden de bilinmektedir. Uluburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Akdeniz deniz ticaretinin Mikenlerin elinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fulu denizcilerin de bu ticarette etkin roller \u00fcstlendiklerini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, cam \u00fcretimini ilk kez ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirenlerin de Mikenliler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Pulak, gemiden \u00e7\u0131kan malzemeye dayanarak, gemide biri di\u011ferlerinden daha \u00f6nemli konumda olan 4 t\u00fcccar\u0131n yolculuk etmekte oldu\u011funu ve yolcular aras\u0131nda, ta\u015f\u0131nmakta olan y\u00fcke e\u015flik eden iki Mikenli\u2019nin de yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131ktan, iki kanatl\u0131 ve ortas\u0131nda fildi\u015finden yap\u0131lma mente\u015fesi bulunan \u015fim\u015fir a\u011fac\u0131ndan bir defter de bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu defterlerin oyulmu\u015f i\u00e7 y\u00fczeylerine bir balmumu tabakas\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fclerek, \u00fczerine yaz\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, suda eriyen balmumuyla birlikte yaz\u0131lar da kaybolmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6yle bir defterin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yolcular\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7kinli\u011fini belgeler; o d\u00f6nemde okuma-yazma sadece \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flarca kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdilerde, Uluburun buluntular\u0131 \u00fczerinde ileri ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. Gemiden \u00e7\u0131kan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc malzemenin nereden geldi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: \u00d6rne\u011fin bak\u0131r, K\u0131br\u0131s maden yataklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f; kalay Toroslar\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinden ya da Afganistan-Kazakistan\u2019daki bir b\u00f6lgeden gelmi\u015f; menengi\u00e7 re\u00e7inesi \u0130srail\u2019in kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131ndan toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu malzeme, geminin Suriye-Filistin aras\u0131nda yer alan liman\u0131nda ayr\u0131 zamanlarda toplanarak, ayn\u0131 gemiye y\u00fcklenmi\u015f ve Bat\u0131\u2019daki liman\u0131 yerine, 3300 y\u0131l sonras\u0131na varaca\u011f\u0131 yolculu\u011funa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gelidonya Burnu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 1200. Suriye\u2019de bir limandan yola \u00e7\u0131kan, 13-14 m uzunlu\u011funda, olas\u0131l\u0131kla kare bir yelkeni olan ticari teknenin ilk u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 liman K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019da. Kaptan buradan mal de\u011fi\u015ftoku\u015fuyla bak\u0131r k\u00fcl\u00e7eler ald\u0131ktan sonra, teknenin y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc Anadolu\u2019nun g\u00fcney k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Anadolu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, k\u0131y\u0131y\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019ya do\u011fru takip edecek. Tekne, Antalya K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nin bat\u0131 ucunda yer alan, kayal\u0131k k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck adalarla denize do\u011fru uzanan Gelidonya Burnu\u2019na yakla\u015f\u0131yor. Adalar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erken, Akdeniz\u2019in pek \u00e7ok yerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, birdenbire ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ak\u0131nt\u0131ya yakalan\u0131yor; s\u00fcr\u00fcklenerek y\u00fczeye yak\u0131n sivri kayal\u0131klara \u00e7arp\u0131yor. Alt\u0131 par\u00e7alanan tekne, d\u00fcmd\u00fcz a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru batarken, k\u0131\u00e7 taraf\u0131 dipten birka\u00e7 metre y\u00fckseklikteki kayal\u0131k u\u00e7uruma vuruyor ve sancak k\u0131sm\u0131na do\u011fru yava\u015f\u00e7a devrilmesine yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde geminin g\u00f6vdesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc deniz kurt\u00e7uklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yok edilecek; maden y\u00fck\u00fc ise 3200 y\u0131l sonras\u0131n\u0131 ye\u015fil bir tabakayla \u00f6rt\u00fclerek bekleyecek\u2026<\/p>\n

Sualt\u0131nda bilimsel kaz\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lan ilk bat\u0131k olan Gelidonya bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00fcngerci Kemal Aras taraf\u0131ndan George Bass ve arkada\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f; 1960\u2019da da kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bat\u0131k, bireysel ticaret yapan bir tekneye aittir. Kaptan\u0131, gemisine doldurdu\u011fu hurda metallerden, ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 limanlarda ihtiyaca g\u00f6re yeni aletler \u00fcreten bir zanaatk\u00e2r-t\u00fcccard\u0131. Bu varsay\u0131m\u0131 destekleyen bulgular, bat\u0131kta yer alan k\u0131r\u0131k d\u00f6k\u00fck saban, kazma, \u00e7apa, b\u0131\u00e7ak, balta ve keser gibi hurdaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok metal alet, metali i\u015flemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7ler, d\u00f6k\u00fcm kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00f6rs g\u00f6revi g\u00f6ren bir ta\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131ktan, K\u0131br\u0131s maden ocaklar\u0131 k\u00f6kenli 34 adet bak\u0131r k\u00fcl\u00e7e ve tun\u00e7 yap\u0131m\u0131nda bak\u0131rla birlikte kullan\u0131lacak olan kalay k\u00fcl\u00e7eler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geminin madeni y\u00fck\u00fc 1 ton kadard\u0131r. Kimi k\u00fcl\u00e7elere yap\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda has\u0131r par\u00e7alar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur; bunlar\u0131n gemi ah\u015fab\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcn tahrip edicili\u011finden korumak i\u00e7in sar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Gemide, kal\u0131p yapmakta kullanmak i\u00e7in kil de bulunuyordu. Geminin k\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131ndan al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda mallar\u0131 tartmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan 60 kadar yass\u0131 terazi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, be\u015f adet skrabe, m\u00fch\u00fcr ve a\u015f\u0131k kemi\u011fi \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaptana ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen m\u00fch\u00fcr, hem ticari belgelerin alt\u0131na bas\u0131lacak, hem de mallar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan kaplar\u0131 m\u00fch\u00fcrleyecekti. Skrabelerin ise m\u00fcrettabata ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bat\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yar\u0131m d\u00fczine \u00e7\u00f6mlek, k\u0131z\u0131l-kahve renkli, \u00e7ift kulplu ve s\u00fcss\u00fczd\u00fcr. Olas\u0131l\u0131kla i\u00e7leri su, \u015farap ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131 ile doluydu. Bir \u00e7\u00f6mlekten de cam boncuklar ve tun\u00e7 bir bilezik \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pabu\u00e7 Burnu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l. 17-18 m uzunlu\u011funda, orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki teknede d\u00f6rt t\u00fcccar, son limanlar\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00e2rl\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi konu\u015fuyorlar. Tekne 200\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerinde amforayla dolu. Ne yaz\u0131k ki amforalar\u0131 dolduran \u015farap ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015famayacak; bunun yerine Ege\u2019nin berrak sular\u0131na kar\u0131\u015facak. Tekne Bodrum\u2019a 25 km uzakl\u0131ktaki Pabu\u00e7 Burnu\u2019nu a\u015famayarak; t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n hevesleriyle birlikte karanl\u0131k sulara dal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Pabu\u00e7 Burnu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaz\u0131 sorumlular\u0131ndan Liz Greene, bir kaya dirse\u011finin alt\u0131nda buldu\u011fu, Halikarnassos \u00fcretimi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kaseyi inceliyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

42-45 m derinde bulunmu\u015f olan Pabu\u00e7 Burnu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131, INA taraf\u0131ndan 2002-2003 y\u0131llar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f. \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan amforalar\u0131n formu, G\u00fcney Ege\u2019de Halikarnassos (Bodrum) ve Rodos etraf\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olan kaplardan. Herodotos gibi antik tarih\u00e7iler, G\u00fcney Ege\u2019nin b\u00f6lgesel ve uzak b\u00f6lgelerle ticaret a\u011f\u0131nda birlikte davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130\u015flenmi\u015f tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin Do\u011fu Akdeniz \u00e7evresinde hem b\u00f6lgesel, hem de b\u00f6lgeleraras\u0131 boyutta ticareti yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bat\u0131ktaki kaplar\u0131n i\u00e7inde ne ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bilgi veren, i\u00e7lerinde ve etraf\u0131nda bulunan \u00fcz\u00fcm ve zeytin \u00e7ekirdekleridir. B\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda tekstil \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Zira Halikarnassos ve civar\u0131ndaki \u0130yon kentleri, y\u00fcn, s\u00fcnger, \u00fcz\u00fcm, \u015farap ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u00a0 Bat\u0131kta, tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin tart\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sat\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kaba s\u0131\u011f kaselerden bulunmu\u015ftur. Teknenin, yolcular\u0131n ki\u015fisel m\u00fclklerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda, tart\u0131m i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan tart\u0131 malzemeleri 4 ve 4\u2019\u00fcn katlar\u0131 \u015feklindedir. Bu nedenle, teknede d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 t\u00fcccar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Buluntular \u00fczerindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve koruma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Bodrum Sualt\u0131 Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi ve INA\u2019n\u0131n Bodrum Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\u2019nde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Tekta\u015f Burnu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 450-425. \u0130yonya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgesel ticaret yapan, olas\u0131l\u0131kla Erithyrai kenti (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ild\u0131r\u0131; \u00c7e\u015fme\u2019nin kuzeyinde bir \u0130yon kentidir) ya da Sak\u0131z Adas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir tekne, \u00c7e\u015fme Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde seyretmekte. Teknenin iki yan\u0131nda bulanan mermerden yap\u0131lma g\u00f6zler parlamaktad\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin inanc\u0131na g\u00f6re, denizciler, tehlikeli sularda yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulabilmek i\u00e7in, gemilerini g\u00f6zlerle s\u00fcslerlerdi. Bu b\u00f6lgede, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6\u011fleden sonra esen meltem, kimi geceler hi\u00e7 dinmeyecekmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fcken bir f\u0131rt\u0131naya \u00e7evirir. Ne olduysa olmu\u015f, g\u00f6zler k\u00f6r olmu\u015ftur; tekne Tekta\u015f Adas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131ndaki kayal\u0131k sularda batar. M\u00fcrettebat \u00e7apayla teknenin bat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 engellemeye, y\u00fck\u00fc tasfiye etmek i\u00e7in zaman kazanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysa da, i\u015fe yaramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tekne \u015farap ve kara\u00e7am re\u00e7inesi ile dolu amforalar\u0131 da i\u00e7eren 200 amforal\u0131k y\u00fck\u00fcyle 38-45 m derine, kayal\u0131k ve engebeli zemine da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131k, INA taraf\u0131ndan 1996 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bulunur. Gene INA taraf\u0131ndan 1999-2001 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok-uluslu bir ekiple kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise buluntular \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u0131kan amforalardan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Mendean amforas\u0131 tipinde oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu amforalar\u0131n \u00fcretildi\u011fi Mende kenti, Kuzey Ege\u2019de yer alan bir Erithyrai kolonisidir. Mende, antik d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015faraplar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc. Bat\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kan Mendean amforalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inden \u00e7am katran\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu katran, gemiyi ve halat tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 onarmak, kalafatlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir; ama belki de \u015faraba lezzet katmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Nitekim Yunanistan\u2019da bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 re\u00e7ine \u015farab\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tekta\u015f Burnu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Sisam\u2019da \u00fcretilmi\u015f kaplarla bi\u00e7imsel olarak benzemesinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, pseudo-Samian olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan amforalardan bol miktarda \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karadeniz\u2019in do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda bolca bulanan bu amforalar\u0131n nerede \u00fcretildi\u011fini arkeologlar \u015fimdiye dek \u00e7\u00f6zememi\u015flerdi. Tekta\u015f Burnu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan pseudo-Samian amforalar\u0131n birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n boynunda, omuzlar\u0131nda ya da kulpunun dibinde, 2 cm \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir daire \u015feklinde damga vard\u0131r, bu daire Yunan harfleriyle ERU yaz\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7evrelenmi\u015ftir. Bu monogram, Erithyrai\u2019yi an\u0131msat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131ktan iki tane de Sak\u0131z Adas\u0131 amforas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sak\u0131z Adas\u0131, Erithyrai\u2019nin tam kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Sak\u0131z Adas\u0131 ve Mendean amforalar\u0131, bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarihini tam olarak M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7eyre\u011fine tarihlemi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bulgular Sak\u0131z Adas\u0131, Milet ve Rodos ile paralellikler ta\u015f\u0131r. Gemiden \u00e7\u0131kan pi\u015fmi\u015f toprak kaplar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu s\u00fcss\u00fcz olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, su mermerinden ve siyah astarl\u0131 bir i\u00e7ki kab\u0131 da bulunmu\u015ftur. Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bulgusu, mermer g\u00f6zlerdir. Tekta\u015f bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunana kadar, antik d\u00f6nem gemilerinde yer alan bu g\u00f6zlerin \u00e7izim oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Mermer disklerden yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6ylelikle anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geminin \u00e7apalar\u0131 ah\u015faptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir \u00e7apaya ait, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f kur\u015fun \u00e7ubu\u011fun \u00fczerinde kalm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7a ah\u015fab\u0131n analizi, \u00e7apan\u0131n karaa\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belgelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ser\u00e7e Liman\u0131 Helenistik bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 3. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 300-250 y\u0131llar\u0131. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Marmaris\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131, Akdeniz sular\u0131. G\u00fcneydo\u011fudan esen lodos yol almakta olan tekneyi fena h\u0131rpal\u0131yor. Tekne yak\u0131nlardaki, korunakl\u0131 bir koy olan Ser\u00e7e Liman\u0131\u2019na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nabilirse, g\u00fcvende olacak. \u0130\u015f liman\u0131n giri\u015findeki darbo\u011faz\u0131 tutmu\u015f kayalar\u0131 a\u015fabilmekte. Ama tekne bir s\u00fcredir ensesinde hissetti\u011fi kaderine, tam liman giri\u015finde yakalan\u0131yor; kayalara \u00e7arparak 35-37 m derine g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Deniz dibindeki uzun uykusundayken, yan\u0131ndaki kayal\u0131ktan kopan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kaya da \u00fczerini bir yorgan gibi \u00f6rtecek…<\/p>\n

Ser\u00e7e Liman\u0131\u2019nda bulunan bir\u00e7ok bat\u0131ktan biri olan Helenistik d\u00f6nem bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, S\u00fcngerci Mehmet A\u015fk\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan Geoge Bass\u2019a g\u00f6sterildi\u011finde, epeyce ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 limanda batm\u0131\u015f MS 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l cam bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 teknesinin bilinmeyen bir d\u00f6nemi veriyor olmas\u0131 ve y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn albesini, Helenistik bat\u0131k buluntusunu g\u00f6lgeler ve \u00fczerinde ileri d\u00fczeyde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 erteler. Cam bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kaz\u0131s\u0131 bitirildikten sonra, 1979-80 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, \u00fczerini \u00f6rten kayaya ra\u011fmen Helenistik bat\u0131k \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r; ama kayay\u0131 yerinden oynatmak ya da tehlike yaratmadan alt\u0131n\u0131 oymak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaz.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kan amforalar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Knidos amforalar\u0131d\u0131r; di\u011fer amforalarda rastlanan \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ilgin\u00e7tir. \u00c7o\u011funda \u015farap ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan amforalar\u0131n damgal\u0131 kulplar\u0131, bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarihlemesini kesinle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Kald\u0131r\u0131lan 3 s\u0131ra amforan\u0131n alt\u0131ndan, saplar\u0131 olmayan, bir d\u00fczineden fazla, k\u00fcre bi\u00e7imli cam kap \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ta\u015ftan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir y\u00fckleme kep\u00e7esi milinin iki par\u00e7as\u0131 ve biri b\u00fcy\u00fck, biri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck iki de\u011firmen bulunmu\u015ftur. Bir de\u011firmenin di\u011ferinden daha eski \u00e7a\u011flara ait olmas\u0131, kullan\u0131lan de\u011firmenta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, kendinden sonra geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f modellere dayanabilecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde uzun \u00f6m\u00fcr garantisi bulundu\u011funun da bir g\u00f6stergedir. Geminin g\u00f6vdesine ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir ah\u015fap par\u00e7as\u0131 da bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

K\u0131z\u0131lburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l) <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Milada yakla\u015fan y\u0131llar. Marmara Adas\u0131\u2019ndan y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131rtlan\u0131p yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan gemi, g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kat etmi\u015fken, Karaburun Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7e\u015fme\u2019nin g\u00fcneyindeki kayal\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famaz, K\u0131z\u0131lburun\u2019da batar. Bulunan pek \u00e7ok bat\u0131ktan ayr\u0131ks\u0131 bir y\u00fck\u00fc vard\u0131r geminin. Sekiz iri par\u00e7a mermer s\u00fctun g\u00f6vdesi ve Dor stilinde kabaca i\u015flenmi\u015f bir ba\u015fl\u0131k: Bir araya k\u00fcmelenmi\u015f olan bu dokuz par\u00e7a, \u00fcst \u00fcste konuldu\u011funda yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 m uzunlu\u011funda an\u0131tsal bir s\u00fctunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylesi bir an\u0131tsall\u0131k ancak bir tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n cephesi i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131z\u0131lburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, INA\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1993 y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, K\u0131z\u0131lburun\u2019da bulanan be\u015f bat\u0131ktan biridir. Donny Hamilton ve Deborah Carlson y\u00f6netiminde bir ekip\u00e7e, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren d\u00f6rt sezon kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gemi bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bordas\u0131ndaki kal\u0131nt\u0131lardan al\u0131nan \u00f6rneklerin izotop analizleri sonucunda, mermerin y\u00fczde 81 olas\u0131l\u0131kla Marmara Adas\u0131\u2019ndan oldu\u011fu g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Eski \u00e7a\u011flarda ad\u0131 Prokonnesos olan Marmara Adas\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan mermerler, Helenistik D\u00f6nem ve Roma D\u00f6nemi boyunca, Troya, Pergamon gibi Anadolu kentlerine ve Akdeniz, Karadeniz, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Suriye\u2019de \u00e7e\u015fitli kentlere yollanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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K\u0131z\u0131lburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131ks\u0131 bir y\u00fck\u00fc vard\u0131: Mermer s\u00fctun g\u00f6vdeleri. Foto\u011fraf: INA Ar\u015fivi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n 1993\u2019de ke\u015ffi s\u0131ras\u0131nda tarihlendirilmesini sa\u011flayan eser, M\u00d6 2. ya da 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Adriyatik\u2019te \u00fcretilen Lamboglia 2 tipinde amforalar olmu\u015ftur. Kaz\u0131lar sonucunda bulunan \u015farap kaplar\u0131, kadehler, tabaklar, kandiller, kaba yap\u0131m \u00e7\u00f6mlekler gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck buluntular da M\u00d6 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011fini i\u015faret etmektedir. Bu par\u00e7alar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, Akdeniz \u00e7evresinde yayg\u0131n, tipik Ge\u00e7 Helenistik kaplard\u0131r. Tel Aviv \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Nili Liphschitz, s\u00fctunlar\u0131n alt\u0131nda korunmu\u015f olan ah\u015fap kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n analizini yapm\u0131\u015f, geminin d\u00f6\u015femesinin siyah \u00e7amdan, kaburgas\u0131n\u0131n ise di\u015fbudak a\u011fac\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Gemi bu s\u00fctunlar\u0131 nereye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor olabilir? Dor stilindeki mermer s\u00fctunlar\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 ve oranlar\u0131n\u0131n birbiriyle uyumlu olmamas\u0131, bu mimari par\u00e7alar\u0131n \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlan\u0131p ihra\u00e7 etmek i\u00e7in stokta bekletilmedi\u011fini, bir amaca y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zel bir sipari\u015fle yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar. M\u00d6 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda an\u0131tsal \u00f6l\u00e7ekli Dor mimarisi \u00e7ok ola\u011fan de\u011fildir. Belki daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ama bitirilmemi\u015f bir yap\u0131y\u0131 tamamlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Arkeologlar, K\u0131z\u0131lburun\u2019un g\u00fcneyinde veya bat\u0131s\u0131nda, Dor stilinde in\u015fa edilen bir tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n neresi olabilece\u011fi \u00fczerine iz s\u00fcrerler. S\u00fctunlar\u0131n stilistik analizi ve detayl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler sonucunda, y\u00fck\u00fcn varmas\u0131 planlanan yerin Klaros Apollon Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Klaros Apollon Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 M\u00d6 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, takip eden y\u00fczy\u0131llarda da s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tap\u0131nak, 30 Dor s\u00fctunu d\u00fczeniyle tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Roma d\u00f6neminde \u00e7ok fazla m\u00fc\u015fterisi vard\u0131, \u00f6nemli bir kehanet merkeziydi. Anla\u015f\u0131lan, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 tamamlayacak s\u00fctunlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan geminin bataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kehanetle \u00f6ng\u00f6rememi\u015flerdi…<\/p>\n

Yass\u0131ada Roma bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bodrum a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131ndaki Yass\u0131ada, maksimum y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 11 m olan d\u00fcz bir adad\u0131r; Turgutreis ile Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Pserimo (Ke\u00e7i) Adas\u0131 aras\u0131nda uzanmaktad\u0131r. Boyutlar\u0131 sadece 200 x 150 m olan Yass\u0131ada, gemiciler i\u00e7in tam bir kabustur. Adan\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcneydo\u011fusuna uzanan, k\u0131y\u0131dan 125 km uzakl\u0131ktaki s\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n derinli\u011fi sadece 2-3 m\u2019dir ve gemiler i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck tehlike yarat\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede, aralar\u0131nda 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda batan L\u00fcbnan band\u0131ral\u0131 modern bir \u015filebin de bulundu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok bat\u0131k yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Resimde bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n deniz dibindeki yerle\u015fiminin bir plan\u0131 var. Yass\u0131ada 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l Roma bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 ah\u015fap bulgular\u0131, gemi yap\u0131m teknolojisinde bir de\u011fi\u015fimi i\u015faret etmi\u015fti. Foto\u011fraf ve site plan\u0131: INA Ar\u015fivi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

George Bass ve ekibi, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Yass\u0131ada a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 tane arkeolojik de\u011feri olan geminin \u00fcst \u00fcste yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark ederler. Birbirinden y\u00fczy\u0131llarla ayr\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7 gemi ayn\u0131 kaderi payla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, Yass\u0131ada kayal\u0131klar\u0131nda altlar\u0131n\u0131 par\u00e7alam\u0131\u015f ve batarken, biri di\u011ferinin \u00fczerine yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir: MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l Roma d\u00f6nemi, MS 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l Bizans d\u00f6nemi ve MS 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi bat\u0131klar\u0131.<\/p>\n

MS ge\u00e7 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l, erken 5. y\u00fczy\u0131la tarihlenen Roma bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1967-69 i\u00e7inde Pennslyvania \u00dcniversite M\u00fczesi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak k\u0131smen kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; 1974\u2019deki ikinci kaz\u0131 INA\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bu y\u0131l i\u00e7inde K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta ba\u015f g\u00f6steren sava\u015f, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 durdurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Roma bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, 19 m uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r, geni\u015fli\u011fin uzunlu\u011fa oran\u0131 1\/3\u2019d\u00fcr. Geminin g\u00f6vdesi serviden, omurgas\u0131 ise beyaz me\u015feden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yass\u0131ada Roma bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, gemi yap\u0131m teknolojisinde bir a\u015famay\u0131 temsil eder: Greco Romen tarz\u0131nda ilk gemi kabu\u011fu in\u015fas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kaplama z\u0131vanalar\u0131, bir \u00f6nceki d\u00f6neme g\u00f6re daha seyrek ve \u00e7ok daha ufak boyutludur. Z\u0131vana i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilen kamalar ise z\u0131vanalara g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve bu nedenle de gev\u015fektir. T\u00fcm bu de\u011fi\u015fimler gemi yap\u0131m\u0131nda zaman, malzeme ve i\u015f\u00e7ilik tasarrufu sa\u011flar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc gev\u015fek z\u0131vanalar kaplamalar\u0131n al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak oturtulmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck kolayl\u0131k getirir.<\/p>\n

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George Bass, Yass\u0131ada 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l Roma bat\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak konservasyonu yap\u0131lan eserleri incelerken g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1100 amfora ta\u015f\u0131yan Roma bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7apa bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geminin k\u0131\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan, Ge\u00e7 Roma d\u00f6nemine tarihlenen mutfak kaplar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Bir tabak, bir kase, bir fincan, ibrikler, pi\u015firme kaplar\u0131, iki tane geni\u015f depolama kab\u0131 ve d\u00f6rt tane pi\u015fmi\u015f toprak kandil. D\u00f6neminin \u00fcnl\u00fc bir Atinal\u0131 kandil yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n imzas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan kandiller, tarihlendirme i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle i\u015fe yaram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gene 1969 kaz\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumu\u015f, sar\u0131 renkli, kal\u0131ba \u00fcfleme \u015fi\u015fe, Ge\u00e7 Roma \u0130mparatorluk \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yass\u0131ada Bizans bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (MS 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yass\u0131ada a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131, MS 626. Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun (Bizans\u2019\u0131n) ba\u015fkenti Konstantinapolis\u2019ten yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan gemi, Ege\u2019yi kuzeyden g\u00fcneye do\u011fru kat etti\u011fi yolculu\u011funu s\u00fcrmektedir. Ama Yass\u0131ada\u2019n\u0131n bir \u00f6nceki bat\u0131kta anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z derin g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcp s\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tuzak kuran a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131, geminin yolunu orta yerinden keser. Bizans bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l, Yass\u0131ada\u2019n\u0131n 75 m g\u00fcneyinde, 32-39 m derinlikte, Ge\u00e7 Roma ve Osmanl\u0131 bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kucak kuca\u011fa yatar.<\/p>\n

Bizans bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kaz\u0131s\u0131, 1961-64 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, George Bass taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n tam olarak tarihlemesini, bat\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kan 54 adet bak\u0131r ve 1 adet alt\u0131n sikke sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131ktan 1000 adet \u015farap amforas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 24 adet kandil, bal\u0131k a\u011flar\u0131, z\u0131pk\u0131n bulunmu\u015ftur. En ilgin\u00e7 buluntu, \u00fczerinde sahibinin (kaptan ya da t\u00fcccar) ad\u0131n\u0131n (\u201cYorgo\u201d) yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir adet el kantar\u0131d\u0131r. Kantar\u0131n topuzu, Yunan mitolojisinde ak\u0131l ve adaletin simgesi olan Tanr\u0131\u00e7a Athena b\u00fcst\u00fc \u015feklindedir. Kantar\u0131n yan\u0131nda bir tart\u0131m a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k seti ile geminin marangozu ve lostromosuna ait kimi aletler bulunmu\u015ftur. \u00c7iviler yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda gemide kimi tamiratlar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ayr\u0131ca bat\u0131kta ele ge\u00e7en kur\u015fun levhalar ve kur\u015fun eritme potas\u0131, seyir halindeyken de, bal\u0131k a\u011flar\u0131na takmak i\u00e7in kur\u015fun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fcretildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilgin\u00e7 buluntulardan biri de, amforalar\u0131 e\u011fmeden i\u00e7inden \u015farap \u00e7ekmeye yarayan ve \u201c\u015farap h\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan alettir.<\/p>\n

Bu Bizans bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n 1\/1 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde bir kopyas\u0131, buluntular\u0131yla birlikte, Bodrum Sualt\u0131 Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi\u2019nin salon k\u0131sm\u0131nda sergilenmektedir. Sergide yer alan kopyan\u0131n ba\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131 ise, su alt\u0131ndaki \u015fekliyle g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bozburun Bizans bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (MS 9.-10. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

MS 880. Dat\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda kalan Hisar\u00f6n\u00fc K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nde, 15 m uzunlu\u011funda, 5 m geni\u015fli\u011finde bir Bizans teknesi yol al\u0131yor. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcven Koyu\u2019na girmek \u00fczere. Erken yaz r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131, burada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kuzeybat\u0131dan eser; ama \u015fimdi tekne koyun giri\u015fine yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda, r\u00fczg\u00e2r ans\u0131z\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fuya \u00e7eviriyor. Tekne limana giremiyor. Kaptan, f\u0131rt\u0131nadan \u00f6nce tekneyi bat\u0131ya, Hilal Adalar\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, ama r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 iyi hesaplayam\u0131yor ve sereni \u00e7atl\u0131yor. R\u00fczg\u00e2r tekneyi k\u0131y\u0131daki kayal\u0131\u011fa \u00fcfl\u00fcyor, \u00e7apa atmaktan ba\u015fka se\u00e7enek yok. \u0130lk\u00f6nce bir \u00e7apa b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yor, sonra bir tane daha, ama kanal derin ve e\u011fimli bir dibi var; \u00e7apalar dibi kavrayam\u0131yor\u2026<\/p>\n

Bozburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, Bozburunlu s\u00fcnger avc\u0131s\u0131 Mehmet A\u015fk\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan 1972\u2019de INA\u2019ya bildirilir. Bat\u0131k bulundu\u011fu zaman bir gemi kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok; kumlu yamaca serili, 20 m uzunlu\u011funda ve 8 m geni\u015fli\u011finde bir amfora y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcndedir. Y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcst noktas\u0131 deniz y\u00fczeyinden 23 m, en alt noktas\u0131 da 36 m derindedir.<\/p>\n

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Bozburun Bizans bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaz\u0131 ekibinin bir \u00fcyesi, amfora da\u011f\u0131ndan yuvarlanarak da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6z at\u0131yor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00d6n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Bozburun\u2019daki bat\u0131k alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan amfora \u00f6rnekleri, geminin 9. ya da 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda batt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bu, Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de dramatik de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131, Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019na girdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdir. Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda bu d\u00f6neme ait \u00e7ok az kaz\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, bilinen \u015feyler k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Bozburun\u2019da yatan gemi; malzemesi, yap\u0131m tekni\u011fi, kargosu ve m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fisel e\u015fyas\u0131yla ait oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemin somut bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olabilir Arkeologlara d\u00f6nemin ekonomisi, teknolojisi, sosyal ili\u015fkiler ve \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 inceleme f\u0131rsat\u0131 verebilir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak, Bozburun Bizans bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, Fred Hocker y\u00f6netimindeki bir INA ekibince, 1995-97 sezonlar\u0131nda kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131ktan, 1200-1500 amfora \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amforalar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde zeytin ve \u00fcz\u00fcm oldu\u011fu; bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u015farap i\u00e7erdi\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Kum ve \u00e7amurla \u00f6rt\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n hem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fck, hem de g\u00f6vdesi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmekten b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kurtulmu\u015ftur. Mutfaktaki ku\u015f kemiklerinden, amforalar\u0131n tahta t\u0131palar\u0131na ve geminin ah\u015fap b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin temeli olan omurgaya kadar hemen t\u00fcm organik madde da\u011f\u0131lmadan adeta kaz\u0131lmay\u0131 beklemi\u015ftir. D\u00f6neme ait paralara, pi\u015firme kaplar\u0131na, i\u00e7ki kadehlerine, cam \u015fi\u015felere vb. bir\u00e7ok e\u015fyaya ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemden kaz\u0131lan Yass\u0131ada ve Ser\u00e7e Liman\u0131 bat\u0131klar\u0131, bu \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n gemi yap\u0131m tekniklerinde \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelere i\u015faret etseler de, yeterli bilgi verecek kadar sa\u011flam kalmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bozburun Bizans bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise, geni\u015f bir ah\u015fap malzeme sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dendrokronojik analizler, gemi omurgas\u0131 ve d\u00f6\u015femesinin beyaz me\u015feden ve i\u00e7 kerestelerin (\u00e7er\u00e7eveler, kiri\u015fler ve tavan\u0131n) tamam\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7amdan oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Me\u015fe \u00e7al\u0131 me\u015fesine \u00e7ok benzemektedir, bu yaln\u0131zca Do\u011fu Akdeniz ya da Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde yayg\u0131n bir me\u015fedir. 13. ve 14. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan \u00f6nce me\u015fenin gemi yap\u0131m\u0131nda bu kadar yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fcyordu. Bozburun Bizans bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, me\u015feden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir gemi olarak, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k, erken bir \u00f6rnektir. Buluntular \u00fczerindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve koruma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Bodrum Sualt\u0131 Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi ve INA\u2019n\u0131n Bodrum Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\u2019nde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yenikap\u0131 bat\u0131klar\u0131 (MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l-12. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul Marmaray-Metro \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131nda, kurtarma kaz\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Theodosius Liman\u0131, gemi arkeolojisine \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgiler sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Bayrampa\u015fa Deresi (Lykos) taraf\u0131ndan doldurularak karan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015f bu limanda bulunan 37 kara bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, bat\u0131k arkeolojisi alan\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ke\u015fiflerinden birini olu\u015fturuyor. En eskisi MS 6. y\u00fczy\u0131la tarihlenen bat\u0131klar, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en geni\u015f Orta\u00e7a\u011f tekne koleksiyonunu olu\u015fturuyor. Bu koleksiyon, Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ba\u015fkentinin y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 kapsayan geni\u015f bir zaman diliminde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fck gemileri, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 sandallar\u0131 ve sava\u015f gemilerinin tipleri, ayr\u0131ca yap\u0131m tekniklerine ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli bilgiler bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Theodosius Liman\u0131 MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kuruldu\u011funda, adeta antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ticaret merkezi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Konstantinopolis ba\u015fkent olduktan sonra, kentte h\u0131zl\u0131 bir imar faaliyeti ba\u015flar. N\u00fcfus ve ticari etkinlikler artar. Theodosius Liman\u0131 \u00e7ok geli\u015fir ve M\u0131s\u0131r ile yap\u0131lan, o d\u00f6nemin d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahip olan bu\u011fday ticaretinin merkezi olur.<\/p>\n

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Yenikap\u0131 Theodosius Liman\u0131\u2019nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 37 kara bat\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bir tanesi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Theodosius Liman\u0131\u2019nda, bu d\u00f6nemden ticari gemilerle birlikte, askeri ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131lan bat\u0131klar da bulundu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, el yazmas\u0131 eserler \u00fczerindeki resimlerden \u015fekilleri bilinen, ama maddi kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na \u015fimdiye kadar rastlanmam\u0131\u015f olan k\u00fcrekli kad\u0131rgalardan 6 adet \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Bizans Donanmas\u0131\u2019na ait bu gemiler, Akdeniz\u2019de \u015fimdiye kadar bulunan en eski, k\u00fcrekli sava\u015f gemisi \u00f6rneklerini olu\u015fturuyorlar.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131klar \u00fczerindeki konservasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Do\u00e7. Dr. Ufuk Kocaba\u015f\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcm ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u0130\u00dc Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Sualt\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Anabilim Dal\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bat\u0131klar\u0131n koruma ve onar\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla, kaz\u0131 alan\u0131n\u0131n hemen yan\u0131nda, \u0130\u00dc b\u00fcnyesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130lk Antik Gemi Koruma, Onar\u0131m ve Yeniden \u0130n\u015fa Laboratuvar\u0131 kuruldu. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, ilk etapta, y\u00fckleriyle birlikte en iyi korunmu\u015f bat\u0131k olan Yenikap\u0131 12 bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. 10 m uzunlu\u011fundaki bu bat\u0131k, k\u0131y\u0131 ticareti yap\u0131yordu. Uzun vadede bat\u0131klar aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u00f6rnekler, \u0130stanbul\u2019da kurulacak bir m\u00fczede ve arkeolojik park alan\u0131nda sergilenecek.<\/p>\n

Ser\u00e7e Liman\u0131 cam bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (MS 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

MS 1025 civar\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Marmaris\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131, Akdeniz sular\u0131. \u0130ki direkli, \u00fc\u00e7gen Latin tipi yelkeni olan, yakla\u015f\u0131k 16 m boyunda, 5 m enindeki gemi, f\u0131rt\u0131na ile bo\u011fu\u015fuyor. Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de bir limandan yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, Anadolu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 takip ederek buraya kadar geldi. F\u0131rt\u0131nayla ba\u015f edebilirse varaca\u011f\u0131 liman, Karadeniz, K\u0131r\u0131m ya da Tuna Nehri\u2019nin g\u00fcney boylar\u0131nda bir yerde. \u0130slam-Bizans Devletleri aras\u0131nda serbest\u00e7e gidip gelen bu ticari tekne, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 tonu bulan cam y\u00fck\u00fcyle birlikte, f\u0131rt\u0131na dinene dek g\u00fcvende olabilmek i\u00e7in, Ser\u00e7e Liman\u0131\u2019na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak istiyor. Ne yaz\u0131k ki deniz tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n gazab\u0131ndan kurtulam\u0131yor; Ser\u00e7e Liman\u0131\u2019na girerken, ters esen r\u00fczg\u00e2r yolculu\u011fun sonunu yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Kayalara bindiren gemi, k\u0131y\u0131ya yak\u0131n bir yerde, iskele taraf\u0131na (sol yan\u0131na) yatarak sulara g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcyor.\u00a0 G\u00f6vde 32 m derinde kumla \u00f6rt\u00fclerek, biny\u0131l s\u00fcrecek uykusuna uzan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

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Bodrum M\u00fczesi\u2019nde yer alan, Ser\u00e7e Liman\u0131 1 gemi bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabu\u011funun restore edilmi\u015f hali. Bat\u0131kta ah\u015fab\u0131n korunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler, demir \u00e7ubuklarla tamamlanm\u0131\u015f.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

S\u00fcngerci Mehmet A\u015fk\u0131n\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k bin y\u0131ll\u0131k uykusundan uyand\u0131ran George Bass ve ekibi olacak. Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n kaz\u0131s\u0131 1977-79 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemi, antik gemi yap\u0131m teknolojisiyle, modern gemi yap\u0131m teknolojisi aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemini temsil etmesi. Eski \u00e7a\u011flarda gemilerin \u00f6nce kaplama tahtalar\u0131 \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, modern teknikte \u00f6nce iskeleti \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n da \u00f6nce iskeleti \u00e7ak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yani ilk modern teknikteki gemi denebilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Bodrum tersanelerinde de, tekneler bu teknikle yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kum, \u00f6rtt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gemi g\u00f6vdesini bir zaman kaps\u00fcl\u00fc gibi korumu\u015f. Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n ah\u015fab\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 25\u2019i g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fabilmi\u015f durumda. Ah\u015fap kal\u0131nt\u0131larda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, geminin omurgas\u0131n\u0131n karaa\u011fa\u00e7, kaburga ve kaplama tahtalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7amdan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ah\u015fap ve bak\u0131r \u00e7iviler kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f. Geminin kutuyu and\u0131ran d\u00fcz taban\u0131, nehirler gibi s\u0131\u011f sularda da seyir yapabilmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yor olmal\u0131. Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir rekonstr\u00fcksiyonu, buluntular\u0131yla birlikte, Bodrum Sualt\u0131 Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi, Cam Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 Salonu\u2019nda sergileniyor.<\/p>\n

Arkeologlar ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcke bakarak, geminin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ait oldu\u011funu ama,\u00a0 H\u0131ristiyan yolcular\u0131 da bulundurdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Geminin ticari nitelikteki 3 tonluk y\u00fck\u00fc, cam k\u00fcl\u00e7eler, k\u0131r\u0131k par\u00e7alar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kaplardan olu\u015fuyor. 200 tipe ayr\u0131lan cam eserlerden olu\u015fan bu koleksiyon, \u0130slam sanat tarihinin \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6nemine ili\u015fkin b\u00fcy\u00fck bilgi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/strong>Buluntular aras\u0131nda yer alan, Fat\u0131m\u00ee halifelerinin ad\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 kal\u0131p bask\u0131 cam senceler (a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar) geminin MS 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belgeler. Bunlardan birinde Fatimi Halifesi Ebu Ali El-Mansur El-Hakim bin Emru \u0130lah 386-411 (996-1021), bir di\u011ferinde gene Fatimi Halifesi Ebu\u2019l Hasan Ali El-Zahir li Azim Dini \u0130lah 411-1427 (1021-1036) isimleri okunmaktad\u0131r. Ser\u00e7e Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 camlar\u0131 d\u00f6rt ana gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Birinci grup sofra e\u015fyalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar b\u00fcy\u00fck servis tabaklar\u0131, s\u00fcrahiler, meyvelikler, k\u00e2seler ile bardak ve fincanlardan olu\u015fur. \u0130kinci grup, kavanozlar, \u015fi\u015feler ve damacanalar gibi s\u0131v\u0131 depolamak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan kaplard\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc gruptakiler kandiller gibi ayd\u0131nlatma ara\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc grupta bulunan koku \u015fi\u015feleri, m\u00fcrekkep hokkalar\u0131 ve hac\u0131 \u015fi\u015feleri an\u0131 e\u015fyas\u0131 olarak \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Cam k\u00fcl\u00e7eler ve k\u0131r\u0131k camlar\u0131n ise, at\u00f6lye ve d\u00fckk\u00e2nlara hurda olarak pazarlanmak amac\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131ktan, Bizans \u0130mparatoru Basileios II. Bulgaroktonos\u2019a (963-1025) ait baz\u0131 bak\u0131r paralar da \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer metal nesneler aras\u0131nda, Arap\u00e7a m\u00fch\u00fcrl\u00fc bakra\u00e7 ve M\u0131s\u0131r karakterli emzikli gargaretler (s\u00fczge\u00e7li kap) gibi mutfak e\u015fyalar\u0131, m\u0131zraklar, b\u0131\u00e7aklar ve mitolojik ku\u015f motifli k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 kabzas\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n o \u00e7a\u011fda Hindistan\u2019da yap\u0131lmakta olan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n Ortado\u011fu taklidi oldu\u011fu san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kantar\u0131n kol u\u00e7lar\u0131nda domuz ba\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 110 amforan\u0131n i\u00e7inde mercimek ve \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00e7ekirdekleri bulunmu\u015f, kimi kaplar i\u00e7inde de \u015feftali \u00e7ekirdeklerine rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dczerlerine Yunanca bir ismin ve harflerin kaz\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 amforalar, suyun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u015farap da ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. Bal\u0131k a\u011flar\u0131na ait mantarlar ve kur\u015fun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar vard\u0131r. Baz\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar ha\u00e7 motifleri ile s\u00fcslenmi\u015ftir. Tahta taraklar, gemide uzun yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda oynand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen tavla ve satran\u00e7 tak\u0131mlar\u0131yla ilgili zar, pul ve ta\u015flar da\u00a0 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7amalt\u0131 Burnu 1 bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (MS 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

MS 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131. Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu zor zamanlar ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. 1204 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 4. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri ile, Konstantinopolis ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ve 1261\u2019e kadar dayanacak olan Yeni Latin \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu kurulmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015fte bu s\u0131ralarda, Marmara Denizi\u2019nde, yakla\u015f\u0131k 25 m uzunlu\u011fundaki bir tekne, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla beklenmedik bi\u00e7imde patlayan ve b\u00f6lgede s\u0131k rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kuzeyden esen sert f\u0131rt\u0131na ile bo\u011fu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015eark\u00f6y (Tekirda\u011f\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131) yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan Ganos (Gazik\u00f6y) tarihi kenti dolay\u0131ndaki bir Bizans manast\u0131r\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. F\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren rahiplerin dualar\u0131, teknenin \u0130stanbul\u2019a sa\u011f salim varabilmesi i\u00e7in. Kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u00fcretimleriyle kar\u015f\u0131layan manast\u0131rlar, t\u00fcketeceklerinden fazla \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, \u0130stanbul\u2019a sat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yollarlard\u0131. F\u0131rt\u0131naya kar\u015f\u0131 umutsuzca m\u00fccadele eden teknenin esas y\u00fck\u00fc, \u015farapla doldurulmu\u015f 800 amfora, yani 50-80 ton a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir y\u00fck. 100 tonluk kapasitesi olan teknede, sat\u0131lmak ya da tamir edilmek \u00fczere y\u00fcklenmi\u015f 30 hurda \u00e7apa da bulunuyor. Bu 30 \u00e7apan\u0131n tamam\u0131, f\u0131rt\u0131na s\u0131ras\u0131nda Marmara Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir koyuna s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken, demir atma u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak. Ama ne dualar, ne onca \u00e7apa, ne de kaptan\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131kl\u0131 olu\u015fu, tekneyi f\u0131rt\u0131nada batmaktan kurtarabilecek\u2026 Tekne, Marmara Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00c7amalt\u0131 Burnu a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda,\u00a0 750 y\u0131l sonra bir bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ekibince g\u00fcny\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lana dek sessizce yataca\u011f\u0131 20-32 m derinli\u011fi boylayacak: \u0130kiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek, y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc geni\u015f bir alana da\u011f\u0131tarak, deniz \u015farab\u0131n\u0131 kana kana i\u00e7erken\u2026<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00c7amalt\u0131 Burnu 1 bat\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan sofra tak\u0131mlar\u0131. Foto\u011fraf: Kaz\u0131 Ar\u015fivi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Prof. Dr. Nergis G\u00fcnsenin ekibiyle birlikte Marmara Adas\u0131 \u00e7evresinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dip ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu MS 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l ile -11. y\u00fczy\u0131l aras\u0131na tarihlenebilecek 16 tane bat\u0131k bulmu\u015f. Bunlar aras\u0131ndan \u00c7amalt\u0131 Burnu 1 bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7mesinin arkeolojik, tarihsel ve ekonomik nedenleri var. \u00c7amalt\u0131 Burnu 1 bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarihsel olarak ticari mallar\u0131n amforalarla ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 gelene\u011finin sonunu temsil ediyor; bu tarihlerden sonra mallar daha hafif, k\u0131r\u0131lmaya daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve kapasitesi daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan ah\u015fap f\u0131\u00e7\u0131larla ta\u015f\u0131nmaya ba\u015flayacak. Bat\u0131kta, G\u00fcnsenin taraf\u0131ndan ilk kez bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na tan\u0131t\u0131lan, onun ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan 4 ayr\u0131 tipte amfora yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n arkeolojik kaz\u0131s\u0131, 1998-2004 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 7 sezon yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Kaz\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, tekneden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelebilen y\u00fczde 3 oran\u0131ndaki ah\u015fap, konservasyon i\u00e7in \u0130\u00dc Konservasyon Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019na teslim edilmi\u015f; \u00e7apalar ekipten Ufuk Kocaba\u015f taraf\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 zamanda tez konusu olarak incelenmeye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; di\u011fer buluntular ise kaz\u0131 alan\u0131na en yak\u0131n yer olan Band\u0131rma M\u00fczesi\u2019ne koruma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve sergileme i\u00e7in teslim edilmi\u015f. Kaz\u0131 ekibi, teknede bulunan tabak \u00e7anak tak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011finden kaptan ve yolcular\u0131n varl\u0131kl\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131; gemide \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in gereken marangozluk aletleri ve savunma silahlar\u0131n\u0131n yoklu\u011fundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc de, teknenin k\u0131sa mesafeli ticaret i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yass\u0131ada Osmanl\u0131 bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 (MS 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz di\u011fer Yass\u0131ada bat\u0131klar\u0131yla koyun koyuna yatmakta olan bu bat\u0131k, 1981-1984 aras\u0131nda INA taraf\u0131ndan kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarihlendirilmesini 16. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait 4 reallik bir Sevil sikkesi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buluntular Bodrum Sualt\u0131 M\u00fczesi\u2019nde sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n