{"id":8907,"date":"2013-09-01T20:27:44","date_gmt":"2013-09-01T17:27:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=8907"},"modified":"2017-05-13T20:49:58","modified_gmt":"2017-05-13T17:49:58","slug":"darwinin-alayci-kuslari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2013\/09\/01\/darwinin-alayci-kuslari","title":{"rendered":"Darwin\u2019in alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Galapagos alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 yaratma yolunda Darwin\u2019e ilk \u00f6nemli ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Evrimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin \u00f6zellikle Floreana Adas\u0131 alayc\u0131 ku\u015fu M. Trifasciatus ile tetiklenmi\u015f olmas\u0131, bu ku\u015fa tarihsel bir boyut ve \u00f6nem kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
Floreana Adas\u0131 Alayc\u0131 Ku\u015fu.
Kaynak: Z\u00fcrih \u00dcniversitesi Zooloji M\u00fczesi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Charles Darwin\u2019in H. M. S. Beagle gemisiyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya yolculu\u011fu, sadece kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil insanl\u0131k tarihini de de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Be\u015f y\u0131la yak\u0131n s\u00fcren ve akl\u0131na evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n tohumlar\u0131 ekilen devri\u00e2lemine dair, \u201c[Ona] kafam\u0131n ilk ger\u00e7ek talimi ya da e\u011fitimini bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fumu hissetmi\u015fimdir hep\u201d diye yazacakt\u0131 y\u0131llar sonra Darwin. Yolculu\u011fundan d\u00f6nd\u00fckten yirmi \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131yla, yani \u201ctek bir eserle hem yeni bir ilim hem de yeni bir felsefe\u201d yaratacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yolculu\u011fun ak\u0131llarda en fazla iz b\u0131rakan k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphesiz Beagle\u2019\u0131n 15 Eyl\u00fcl-20 Ekim 1835 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Galapagos Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ziyaret etmesidir. \u0130rili ufakl\u0131 \u00e7ok say\u0131da, her biri bir tane ya da birden fazla yanarda\u011fdan olu\u015fan, Ekvator hatt\u0131nda bulunduklar\u0131 halde iki farkl\u0131 mevsime sahip olan, d\u00fczensiz aral\u0131klarla meydana gelen kurakl\u0131k ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015f olaylar\u0131n\u0131n canl\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7evresel bask\u0131lar yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu adalar\u0131n, evrim biliminin do\u011fu\u015fundaki pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Darwin, \u201cT\u00fcm g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimin kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diyecekti Galapagoslar\u2019dan bahsederken…<\/p>\n

Sadece be\u015f hafta s\u00fcren Galapagos konaklamas\u0131 Darwin\u2019in ancak d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 adaya ayak bas\u0131p incelemeler yapmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flad\u0131. Adalar, bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 kaplumba\u011falar, kertenkeleler, ku\u015flar, bitkiler ve di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131yla oldu\u011fu kadar jeolojik yap\u0131lar\u0131yla da dikkatini \u00e7ekti gen\u00e7 gezginin. Darwin, evrimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin akl\u0131nda filizlenmesini bu adalarda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok canl\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015f olmas\u0131na bor\u00e7luydu elbette, fakat bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda bir yabani ku\u015f grubunu do\u011fal habitat\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemlemesi geli\u015ftirece\u011fi kuram do\u011frultusunda fevkalade \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Ancak s\u0131k\u00e7a san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bunlar Darwin\u2019in \u00fcnl\u00fc ispinoz ku\u015flar\u0131 de\u011fildi, bunlar alayc\u0131 ku\u015flard\u0131! Darwin, Galapagoslar\u2019\u0131n faunas\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffini yaparken \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 alayc\u0131 ku\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fcnden \u00f6rnekler edindi (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde asl\u0131nda d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn mevcut oldu\u011funu biliyoruz [1]). Bunlar San Crist\u00f3bal Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki Mimusmelatonis <\/em>(M. melatonis<\/em>), Floreana Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki M. trifasciatus<\/em> ve Isabelaile Santiago Adalar\u0131\u2019ndaki M. parvulus<\/em> t\u00fcrleriydi. (Adalar\u0131n o zamanki adlar\u0131 farkl\u0131yd\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki adlar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131k.)<\/p>\n

Darwin\u2019in ilham kayna\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Biyolojik evrim tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u015fu \u00f6nemli notu d\u00fc\u015fmeden ge\u00e7meyelim: Darwin -ispinoz ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n aksine- de\u011fi\u015fik adalar\u0131n alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015f, her \u00e7e\u015fidin belli bir adaya \u00f6zg\u00fc olabilece\u011fini not defterine kaydetmi\u015fti. (2) \u00d6rne\u011fin ke\u015ffini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci ada olan Floreana Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki alayc\u0131 ku\u015fun ilk \u00f6nce u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 San Crist\u00f3bal Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki alayc\u0131 ku\u015ftan \u00f6nemli derecede farkl\u0131l\u0131klar arz etti\u011fini saptam\u0131\u015f ve notlar\u0131na bundan b\u00f6yle bu ku\u015flar\u0131 toplamaya itina g\u00f6sterece\u011fine dair bir yorum eklemi\u015fti. Adadan adaya de\u011fi\u015fen farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n sadece ku\u015flar i\u00e7in de\u011fil ba\u015fka canl\u0131 gruplar\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funa zamanla ikna olacakt\u0131. Yolculu\u011funun sonuna do\u011fru not defterinde kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fu t\u00fcmceler t\u00fcrlerin sabit olmayabilece\u011fi, aksine zamanla de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fi fikrinin akl\u0131na yava\u015f yava\u015f yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir: \u201c… Birbirinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f mesafesi i\u00e7inde yer alan, pek az hayvanla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131sal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar arz eden ve do\u011fada ayn\u0131 yeri i\u015fgal eden ku\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu adalar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde, bu canl\u0131lar\u0131n sadece birer ara \u00e7e\u015fit olduklar\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ettim (…) E\u011fer bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin en ufak bir temeli varsa, tak\u0131madalar\u0131n jeolojisini incelemek kayda de\u011fer bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olacak; zira bu olgular t\u00fcrlerin sabitli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00f6kten sarsacakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Galapagos alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 yaratma yolunda Darwin\u2019e ilk \u00f6nemli ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Evrimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin \u00f6zellikle Floreana Adas\u0131 alayc\u0131 ku\u015fu M. Trifasciatus <\/em>ile tetiklenmi\u015f olmas\u0131, bu ku\u015fa tarihsel bir boyut ve \u00f6nem kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tercihen b\u00fcy\u00fck Opuntiamegasperma<\/em> kakt\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerine yuva kuran ve yerde ya\u015fayan b\u00f6ceklerden beslenen, fakat bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra meyve, nektar, polen hatta kimi zaman yenge\u00e7 ve kertenkelede t\u00fcketen bir ku\u015ftur M. trifasciatus<\/em>. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde onun hakk\u0131nda bir k\u00f6t\u00fc ve bir de iyi haber var.<\/p>\n

Soyu t\u00fckenme e\u015fi\u011finde<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130smi d\u00fcnyada en nadir ku\u015f t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en ve sadece Galapagoslar\u2019da ya\u015fam s\u00fcren M. trifasciatus<\/em>\u2019un soyu t\u00fckenmek \u00fczeredir. Darwin\u2019in zaman\u0131nda Floreana Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sakinlerinden olan bu ku\u015fa ne yaz\u0131k ki bu adada art\u0131k rastlanm\u0131yor. Fakat soyu hen\u00fcz t\u00fckenmi\u015f de\u011fil. Ku\u015flar halihaz\u0131rda Floreana Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (173 km2<\/sup>) yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda yer alan iki tane k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck adada mekan tutmu\u015f durumdalar: Champion (0,1 km2<\/sup>) ile Gardner (0,8 km2<\/sup>) Adalar\u0131. Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze intikal eden \u00e7e\u015fitli kay\u0131tlardan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, Floreana\u2019daki M. Trifasciatus <\/em>pop\u00fclasyonu Darwin\u2019in Galapagoslar\u2019\u0131 ziyaret edi\u015finden 30-35 y\u0131l gibi nispeten k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra yok olmu\u015ftur. Adaya insanlar\u0131n (baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re Beagle\u2019\u0131n yolcular\u0131n\u0131n) soktu\u011fu kedi, k\u00f6pek ve karas\u0131\u00e7anlar taraf\u0131ndan avlanmalar\u0131 ve habitatlar\u0131n\u0131n -\u00f6zellikle beslendikleri ve yuvalad\u0131klar\u0131 O. megasperma<\/em> kakt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn- yaban ke\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan tahrip edili\u015fi bu alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleri olarak g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz son on y\u0131lda, M. Trifasciatus <\/em>pop\u00fclasyonunun tehlikeli bir \u015fekilde t\u00fckenme e\u015fi\u011fine geldi\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlendi. Uluslararas\u0131 Do\u011fay\u0131 ve Do\u011fal Kaynaklar\u0131 Koruma Birli\u011fi (IUCN) taraf\u0131ndan \u201ckritik soy t\u00fckenme tehlikesi\u201d alt\u0131nda olan t\u00fcrler listesine al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu, neslinin t\u00fckenmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. 2003-2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda M. Trifasciatus <\/em>say\u0131s\u0131 Champion Adas\u0131\u2019nda 20-52, Gardner Adas\u0131\u2019nda ise 65-179 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fti. \u00d6zellikle La Ni\u00f1a denilen ve kurakl\u0131k ile k\u00f6t\u00fc hava \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu 2006 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra, 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu ku\u015flardan Champion\u2019da sadece 38 ve Gardner\u2019da 98 tane kald\u0131. Neyse ki 2008 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 elveri\u015fli hava ko\u015fullar\u0131, alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tekrar artmas\u0131na neden oldu ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde toplam 400-500 ku\u015fa ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 olumlu bir geli\u015fme say\u0131labilir. Ancak bu iki adac\u0131k daha kalabal\u0131k bir alayc\u0131 ku\u015f pop\u00fclasyonunu kald\u0131ramayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n tekrar k\u00f6t\u00fcye gidebilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ku\u015flar \u00fczerinde Demokles\u2019in k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 gibi sarkan bir t\u00fckenme tehdidi olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer tehdit unsuru ise, Floreana Adas\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131n\u0131n sona ermi\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle her iki adac\u0131ktaki ku\u015f pop\u00fclasyonunun genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini yitirmi\u015f olma ihtimalidir.<\/p>\n

Alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in umut<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu karamsar tablodan sonra iyi habere ge\u00e7elim: Son y\u0131llarda, bir Floreana alayc\u0131 ku\u015funu kurtarma projesi g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Galapagos Do\u011fay\u0131 Koruma Tr\u00f6st\u00fc, Charles Darwin Vakf\u0131, Durrell Vah\u015fi Ya\u015fam\u0131 Koruma Tr\u00f6st\u00fc ve Z\u00fcrih \u00dcniversitesi taraf\u0131ndan ortakla\u015fa y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bu projenin amac\u0131, Champion ve Gardner Adalar\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Floreana\u2019da tekrar bir araya getirip tek bir karma pop\u00fclasyon yaratmak ve b\u00f6ylece Floreana Adas\u0131\u2019nda M. trifasciatu<\/em>s\u2019un neslinin t\u00fckeni\u015fini \u00f6nlemektir. Bu restorasyon projesini ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 kollardan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Alayc\u0131 ku\u015flara ya\u015fanabilir ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir ekosistem sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nko\u015fulu, ku\u015flar\u0131n t\u00fckeni\u015fine neden olan, insanlar\u0131n zamanla adaya soktu\u011fu karas\u0131\u00e7an, ke\u00e7i, kedi ve k\u00f6pek gibi canl\u0131lar\u0131n telef edilmesidir. Ayr\u0131ca, yavru ku\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lan bir t\u00fcr parazit sine\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem alma gereklili\u011fi de de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu eradikasyon program\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lansa dahi, alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n Champion ve Gardner Adalar\u0131\u2019ndan al\u0131n\u0131p Floreana Adas\u0131\u2019na yerle\u015ftirilmelerinden \u00f6nce biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131tlamas\u0131 gereken iki \u00f6nemli soru vard\u0131. Bunlar, alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n uzun bir s\u00fcre iki ayr\u0131 adada s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131yla ilgiliydi: Acaba bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda ku\u015flar farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlere do\u011fru evrimle\u015ferek birbirlerinden genetik anlamda uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f m\u0131yd\u0131? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u011fer Champion ve Gardner alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131 \u201cata\u201d Floreana t\u00fcr\u00fcnden \u00f6nemli derecede uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015flarsa, bir araya getirildiklerinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7iftle\u015femeyeceklerdir. Bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli husus ise Floreana Adas\u0131\u2019nda elde edilecek olan karma pop\u00fclasyonda yeterince b\u00fcy\u00fck bir genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin sa\u011flan\u0131p sa\u011flanamayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc pop\u00fclasyonun hayatta kalma \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 azami seviyeye \u00e7\u0131karmak ve do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin i\u015flevsel hale gelebilmesi i\u00e7in genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fctmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan genetik incelemeler bu ikinci soruya olumlu bir yan\u0131t getirdi: Dar bir alanda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalan Champion alayc\u0131 ku\u015fu pop\u00fclasyonunun genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini soy i\u00e7i \u00fcremeden dolay\u0131 bir nispette yitirdi\u011fi, \u00f6te yandan Gardner ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir durumdan hen\u00fcz mustarip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla karma bir pop\u00fclasyon kuruldu\u011funda genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin yeterince zengin olabilece\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak Champion ve Gardner ku\u015flar\u0131 birbirlerinden genetik olarak ne kadar uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Bu uzakla\u015fmay\u0131 en iyi \u015fekilde \u00f6l\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in ata Floreana ku\u015funa ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131 -ama bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere Floreana Adas\u0131\u2019nda bu ku\u015flar art\u0131k yoktu. \u0130\u015fte bu a\u015famada bu soruya cevap arayan bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n akl\u0131na \u00e7ok parlak bir fikir geldi: Darwin\u2019in ve H. M. S. Beagle\u2019\u0131n kaptan\u0131 Robert Fitzroy\u2019un \u00f6zel koleksiyonlar\u0131ndaki Floreana alayc\u0131 ku\u015f \u00f6rnekleri bug\u00fcn Londra\u2019daki Natural History Museum\u2019da h\u00e2l\u00e2 mevcuttu. O zaman, 1835 y\u0131l\u0131ndan kalma bu iki \u00f6rnek, yukar\u0131daki sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 vermek ad\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilirdi!<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, Darwin ile Fitzroy\u2019un toplad\u0131klar\u0131 ku\u015flardan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Champion ile Gardner Adalar\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fayan ku\u015flardan elde ettikleri DNA \u00f6rneklerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. (3) Bir dizi molek\u00fcler biyoloji tekniklerine ba\u015fvurarak, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Champion ve Gardner ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n 1835 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Floreana alayc\u0131 ku\u015fu t\u00fcr\u00fcnden ne zaman ve ne oranda ayr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmeleri fazla zor olmaz. Champion\u2019daki ku\u015f grubunun ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, bug\u00fcnden takriben 280-350 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ve Gardner\u2019dakilerin ise 250-400 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini saptarlar. Demek ki bundan 350-400 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar, bu alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n hepsi ortak bir genetik yap\u0131dayd\u0131 ve birbirlerinden uzakla\u015fmalar\u0131 bu zaman diliminden sonra ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, Champion-Gardner ku\u015f ara \u00e7e\u015fitleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde birbirine genetik olarak h\u00e2l\u00e2 yak\u0131nd\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir araya getirildiklerinde k\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7o\u011falmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine olumsuz bir etkisi olmamal\u0131yd\u0131. Champion ve Gardner Adalar\u0131\u2019ndaki ku\u015flar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131p Floreana Adas\u0131\u2019na yerle\u015ftirilebilir ve bu \u015fekilde orada yeniden bir alayc\u0131 ku\u015fu pop\u00fclasyonunun olu\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flanabilirdi.<\/p>\n

Halen devam etmekte olan bu heyecan verici projenin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 halinde tarihin en \u00f6nemli restorasyon projeleri aras\u0131nda yerini alaca\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphesiz. Charles Darwin\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck torunu Randal Keynes, \u201cBu ku\u015f, bilim tarihinin en \u00f6nemli t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Uzun vadeli gelece\u011finin g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, birey say\u0131s\u0131 azalan iki tane ufac\u0131k pop\u00fclasyonu ayakta tutmakla sa\u011flanamaz\u201d der hakl\u0131 olarak; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Floreana Adas\u0131 alayc\u0131 ku\u015fu, insano\u011flunun hem kendine hem de d\u00fcnyaya bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00f6tesinde bu proje, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 anlaman\u0131n ya\u015famsal \u00f6nemini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seren ve bu kuram\u0131n pratikte do\u011frudan uygulan\u0131r oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir \u201cevrim projesi\u201ddir asl\u0131nda. G\u00fczelli\u011fi, bir taraftan tarihi ve di\u011fer taraftan da en ileri teknolojiyi bir araya getiriyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Champion ve Gardner Adalar\u0131 ku\u015f pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki genetik mesafeyi \u00f6l\u00e7me a\u015famas\u0131nda hem kullan\u0131lan tarihi malzemeyi hem de uygulanan teknolojinin temel prensibini Darwin\u2019in kendisine bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fumuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek ne kadar ilgin\u00e7tir!<\/p>\n

Galapagoslar\u2019dan sonra, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> eserini do\u011furacak yeni bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce s\u00fcreci ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r Darwin i\u00e7in… O, bu yeni ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n ilk i\u015faretini, Galapagoslar izlenimini de\u011ferlendirirken verir: \u201c\u00d6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ki, b\u00f6ylece, hem mek\u00e2nda hem de zamanda, bu muazzam olaya, bu d\u00fcnyada yeni varl\u0131klar\u0131n ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na -bu s\u0131rlar\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131na- biraz daha yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f gibiyiz.\u201d<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) K. T. Grant ve G. B. Estes, Darwin in Galapagos<\/em>, Princeton University Press, 2009.<\/p>\n

2) S. \u00d6l\u00e7er, Evrim Ser\u00fcveni<\/em>, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2013.<\/p>\n

3) P. E. A. Hoeck, M. A. Beaumont, K. E. James, R. B. Grant, P. R. Grant ve L. F. Keller, \u201cSaving Darwin\u2019s muse: Evolutionary genetics for the recovery of the Floreana mocking bird\u201d, Biology Letters<\/em>, 6, 212-215, 2010.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Galapagos alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 yaratma yolunda Darwin\u2019e ilk \u00f6nemli ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Evrimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin \u00f6zellikle Floreana Adas\u0131 alayc\u0131 ku\u015fu M. Trifasciatus ile tetiklenmi\u015f olmas\u0131, bu ku\u015fa tarihsel bir boyut ve \u00f6nem kazand\u0131r\u0131r. Charles Darwin\u2019in H. M. S. Beagle gemisiyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya yolculu\u011fu, sadece kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil insanl\u0131k tarihini de de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Be\u015f y\u0131la yak\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":508,"featured_media":8909,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,21,32],"tags":[461,200,552],"class_list":["post-8907","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-115-sayi","category-biyoloji","category-evrim","tag-darwin","tag-evrim","tag-galapagos"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t