{"id":9001,"date":"2004-07-01T00:06:31","date_gmt":"2004-06-30T21:06:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9001"},"modified":"2017-05-16T00:16:50","modified_gmt":"2017-05-15T21:16:50","slug":"ingiliz-isci-sinifinin-olusumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2004\/07\/01\/ingiliz-isci-sinifinin-olusumu","title":{"rendered":"\u0130ngiliz \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Olu\u015fumu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u201c\u0130nsan soyunun d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131yla yaln\u0131zca kendin i\u00e7in de\u011fil, zira tam \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6remeyebilirsin , ama memedeki \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in bo\u011fu\u015fuyorsun.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Londra Yaz\u0131\u015fma Derne\u011fi\u2019nin gezideki temsilcilerine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi talimat, 1796.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumu, E. P. Thompson, \u00c7ev. Uygur Kocaba\u015fo\u011flu, Birikim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2004, \u0130stanbul, 992 s.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kapitalizmin orijini olarak kabul edilen \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki kapitalist geli\u015fim, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n feodal ya da feodal \u00f6ncesi sistemlerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer yerlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak \u0130ngiltere\u2019de meydana gelen kapitalist geli\u015fim, ba\u015fta ekonomide olmak \u00fczere sosyal ya\u015fant\u0131da pek \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fime neden oldu.<\/p>\n

Bilimde ve sanatta meydana gelen inan\u0131lmaz g\u00fczel geli\u015fmeler bir taraftan feodal mutlakiyet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye darbeler indirirken, di\u011fer taraftan kapitalizme alan a\u00e7\u0131yordu. Ancak bu \u201cg\u00fczel\u201d de\u011fi\u015fime neden olan \u015feyin kapitalizmin olmas\u0131, ya\u015fayanlar i\u00e7in ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir dram niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu dram\u0131 d\u00fcnyada ilk \u0130ngilizler ya\u015fad\u0131. Thompson bu s\u00fcreci anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, kendini kapitalizm dalgas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 muhafazak\u00e2rl\u0131k (k\u00f6y hayalleri ve dini inan\u00e7lardan olu\u015fan) ile tan\u0131mlayan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n; \u015fehirdeki \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri sonucunda k\u00f6ye d\u00f6nme yollar\u0131n\u0131n kapanmas\u0131yla, kendisini burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak tan\u0131mlamas\u0131na kadar olan ser\u00fcveni anlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Burada Thompson\u2019nun \u00f6nemli bir tercihini belirtmekte fayda var. Genel olarak s\u0131n\u0131f tan\u0131m\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, bunun insanlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na etkilerini incelemek yerine; tek tek bireylerin s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimi ya da dramlar\u0131n\u0131 incelemeye se\u00e7mi\u015f. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ayn\u0131 zamanda ortaya ba\u015fka bir \u201cme\u015fhur insanlar ansiklopedisi\u201d \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ve bu da kitapta bir s\u00fcreklilik yarat\u0131l\u0131yor. Zaten bu y\u00fczden kitab\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde \u201colu\u015fum\u201d kelimesi kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Kitaptan bir al\u0131nt\u0131 yapal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

\u201cKu\u015fkusuz sorun, bireyin o \u2018toplumsal rol\u00fc\u2019 nas\u0131l edindi\u011fi ve belirli bir toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin (m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 ve otorite yap\u0131s\u0131yla) nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011fudur. Ve bunlar tarihsel sorunlard\u0131r. Ve biz tarihi belirli bir anda durdurursak, ortada s\u0131n\u0131flar kalmaz; yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik deneyimleriyle, \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan kal\u0131r. Ama biz bu insanlar\u0131 toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7inde yeterince izlersek, ili\u015fkilerinde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinde ve kurumlar\u0131nda bir d\u00fczenlilik g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. S\u0131n\u0131f, insanlar\u0131n kendi tarihlerini ya\u015farken tan\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u015feydir…\u201d ( s.41).<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fime kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilen diren\u00e7 ve korunma kitab\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda anlat\u0131l\u0131yor. Ancak kitab\u0131n \u00f6zelikle Sunu\u015f ve \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u2019\u00fcnden \u2013yer yer kitab\u0131n i\u00e7inden de- \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir sonu\u00e7 var: Kitap \u0130ngilizler i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f. Bizim gibi \u00fclkelerdeki sorunlara anahtar olabilmek i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f! \u015eaka bir yana, bilim ve tarihi insana yak\u0131\u015fan bir gelecek i\u00e7in yorumlayanlar i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya tarihi bir evrensellik ta\u015f\u0131r. Tarihteki ilerlemelerden hareket edecek olursak; bir \u00f6nce var olan durumun a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ilerleme say\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Konuyu daha iyi anlatabilmek i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek verelim: Araplar\u2019\u0131n elindeki geli\u015fmi\u015f astronomi ve matemati\u011fin peltele\u015fmesi sonucunda, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Araplar\u2019dan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi astronomi ve matemati\u011fin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi. Ya da kapitalizmin geleceksizli\u011finin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n zorunlulu\u011fu gibi… \u00d6zetin \u00f6zeti: Yeti\u015fmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil, a\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Bu kitapta anlat\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n geriye do\u011fru olan direni\u015fi, ancak ilerlemekle a\u015f\u0131labilirdi. Bu \u0130ngiltere\u2019de olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kapitalizm b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fczellikleri paraya \u00e7evirdi ve peltele\u015fti. B\u00f6ylelikle \u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 dram\u0131n\u0131, hem ileriye hem de geriye do\u011fru ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 benzer olaylar\u0131 benzer \u015fekilde ya\u015famak zorunda kalmad\u0131. Kendimiz i\u00e7in konu\u015facak olursak, ne olaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7ok, ne olmamam\u0131z gerekti\u011fini kitaptan \u00e7\u0131karmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Yani yazar\u0131n kendi i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in duydu\u011fu \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn, tarihe geriden kat\u0131lan \u00fclkemizde yans\u0131mas\u0131 \u201cdramlar\u0131\u201d a\u015fmak bilinci olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00fczerinden 24 y\u0131l ge\u00e7tikten sonra 2004\u2019te dilimize \u00e7evrilmesinin s\u0131rr\u0131 bence burada. Tekrarlarsak, yazar kitab\u0131 kendi \u00fclkesi i\u00e7in yazmad\u0131. En ba\u015fa koydu\u011fumuz al\u0131nt\u0131daki meme emen \u00e7ocuk bunun kan\u0131t\u0131…<\/p>\n

Gelece\u011fe kalan ba\u015fka bir al\u0131nt\u0131, kitab\u0131n \u201cgeri\u201dnin terk edildi\u011fi \u201cS\u0131n\u0131f Bilinci\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden ya\u015fayan bir \u00f6rnek:<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Temeli Kilisedir.\/ Menfeat! Menfeat!! Menfeat!!!\/ Tanr\u0131 Dulu, Yetimi ve Ac\u0131 \u00c7ekeni Korusun.<\/p>\n

\u201c Siz zengin adamlar, \u015fimdi gidin, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131za gelecek felaketler i\u00e7in a\u011flay\u0131p, inleyin…\/ G\u00f6r\u00fcn, sizin tarlalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bi\u00e7en, hile ile al\u0131koydu\u011funuz kiral\u0131k amelelerin \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131\u201d (s.950).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u201c\u0130nsan soyunun d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131yla yaln\u0131zca kendin i\u00e7in de\u011fil, zira tam \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6remeyebilirsin , ama memedeki \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in bo\u011fu\u015fuyorsun.\u201d \u00a0 Londra Yaz\u0131\u015fma Derne\u011fi\u2019nin gezideki temsilcilerine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi talimat, 1796. \u00a0 Kapitalizmin orijini olarak kabul edilen \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki kapitalist geli\u015fim, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n feodal ya da feodal \u00f6ncesi sistemlerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer yerlerinden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":9002,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43,511],"tags":[210,478],"class_list":["post-9001","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-5-sayi","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-kitap","tag-sinif"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t