{"id":9127,"date":"2004-07-01T01:20:11","date_gmt":"2004-06-30T22:20:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9127"},"modified":"2017-05-16T19:55:35","modified_gmt":"2017-05-16T16:55:35","slug":"13-yuzyil-anadolu-devriminde-utopik-yaklasimlar-ve-uygulamalar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2004\/07\/01\/13-yuzyil-anadolu-devriminde-utopik-yaklasimlar-ve-uygulamalar","title":{"rendered":"13. y\u00fczy\u0131l Anadolu devriminde \u00fctopik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar ve uygulamalar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsano\u011flunun Renaissance\u2019\u0131, ben merkezci Avrupal\u0131n\u0131n sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda de\u011fil, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l Anadolu\u2019sunda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1265\u2019te kurulup 1350\u2019li y\u0131llara de\u011fin ya\u015fayacak olan Ankara Ahi Devleti, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n aristokrat olmayan ilk y\u00f6netimidir. Y\u00f6neticileri ne tanr\u0131 ne peygamber ne de onlar\u0131n ya da vekillerinin g\u00f6revlendirdikleridir. Ankara Devleti ile birle\u015fen Osmanl\u0131 da, kurulu\u015funda bir \u201cAnadolu Dayan\u0131\u015fma Devleti\u201ddir.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bildi\u011fimiz en \u00fctopik \u00f6zlemi, kurulu yap\u0131ya ilk k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131, do\u011faya kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

– M\u00d6 2500\u2019lerden kalm\u0131\u015f olan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski yaz\u0131nsal metninde, G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f, sonras\u0131n\u0131 bilemedi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc durdurmak i\u00e7in ya\u015fam suyunu bulmak \u00fczere yollara d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n

– \u0130nsano\u011flu\u2019nun kendi eksiklerini tamamlayarak yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cyetkin tanr\u0131\u201d, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ve tarihin hangi noktas\u0131nda olursa olsun, hep \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz\u201dd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

– Kimi peygamberler \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz de\u011fildir ama 1000 y\u0131la yak\u0131n ya da daha uzun ya\u015fam s\u00fcrelerine sahiptir.<\/p>\n

– Tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 dinler de \u00e7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131lardan ald\u0131klar\u0131 potansiyelle, en \u201cg\u00fcnahk\u00e2r\u201d ruhlar\u0131n elinden bile \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc almaz: ruh her zaman \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

– Sonra ya\u015fam a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar ortaya\u2026 Kimi uygarl\u0131k ke\u00e7ilere yedirtip yok eder, kimileri ula\u015f\u0131lmaz uzakl\u0131klara koyar.<\/p>\n

– Us geli\u015fmektedir. Elindeki \u015fi\u015fede ya\u015fam suyunu tutan hekim Asklepios\u2019u Zeus\u2019un bir y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mda \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesinden, Lokman Hekim\u2019in elindeki Kara Kapl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 Cebrail\u2019in bir vuru\u015fta da\u011f\u0131tmas\u0131ndan sonra yerlere sa\u00e7\u0131lan ya\u015fam suyu, bira yap\u0131lan arpay\u0131 ya da her derde deva sar\u0131msa\u011f\u0131 sular. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6nleyemez ama, sa\u011fl\u0131k etkisini insanlar \u00fczerinde g\u00f6stermesine neden olur.<\/p>\n

– Ard\u0131ndan Platon\u2019un Kritias\u2019\u0131nda \u201cAtlantis Adas\u0131\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7er. Nerede oldu\u011fu bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilinemeyen bu d\u00fc\u015fsel \u00fclke Herakles S\u00fctunlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (Cebelitar\u0131k Bo\u011faz\u0131) \u00f6tesinde midir, yoksa Girit midir, -son g\u00fcnlerde bir de K\u0131br\u0131s \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131- h\u00e2l\u00e2 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor, Orta Asya\u2019d\u0131r diyen T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcler bile var. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6yle etkilemi\u015f ki, koca bir okyanusa, Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019na ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir\u2026 Francis Bacon\u2019\u0131n Renaissance \u00fctopyas\u0131 \u201cYeni Atlantis\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 bu d\u00fc\u015f \u00fclkesinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

– Sonra, Atlantis\u2019ten ne denli etkilendi bilinmez, Platon, 10 ciltlik, o g\u00fcnlerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerine g\u00f6re \u201ckoca\u201d kitab\u0131yla, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinin en \u201cyasal\u201d, en felsef\u00ee \u00fctopyas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur: \u201cDevlet\u201d!..<\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131n\u0131n ben merkezcili\u011fi
\n<\/em><\/strong>\u0130\u015fte bug\u00fcne de\u011fin, k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihinde \u201c\u00fctopyalar\u201d \u00e7izgisinin bu noktadan sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u0131\u00e7ramayla ta Renaissance\u2019a de\u011fin 2000 y\u0131la yak\u0131n, bir durgunluk d\u00f6nemine girdi\u011fi, ancak Hellen uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yeniden do\u011fmas\u0131yla (Renaissance) canland\u0131\u011f\u0131 var say\u0131l\u0131r. Ben merkezci Avrupa\u2019l\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6re, bu \u00e7izgi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u201cuygarl\u0131k\u201d da olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir zaten!.. E, \u201c\u00fctopya\u201d dedi\u011fin yaln\u0131zca uygar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce (!) taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulabilir ya!..<\/p>\n

Oysa \u00fctopyalar\u0131n geli\u015fim \u00e7izgisi, bu bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7 de do\u011frulam\u0131yor. Burjuva Renaissance k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yozla\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra olu\u015fmu\u015f \u201cben merkezci\u201d \u00f6n yarg\u0131, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden de gelse, co\u011frafi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgelerinde inan\u0131lmaz \u00fctopyalar, Avrupa Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kopartmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 kurar, dahas\u0131 sonucu umutlu olmasa da, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetkin toplum \u00fctopyalar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya koymay\u0131 bile ba\u015far\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019dan s\u00f6z etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum… Avrupal\u0131 ben merkezcili\u011fin d\u00fcmen suyundan bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc pa\u00e7am\u0131z\u0131 kurtaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, bu nedenle de k\u00fclt\u00fcr d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00f6rmek istemedi\u011fi Anadolu\u2019dan!..<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle de\u011fil midir ki, Kemalist Devrim\u2019in G\u00fcne\u015f Dil Kuram\u0131 gibi, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 uyarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk \u00f6rneklerine kar\u015f\u0131n, ben merkezci burgaca kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fa\u015fk\u0131n Anadolu ayd\u0131n\u0131 evrene Avrupa merkezci at g\u00f6zl\u00fckleriyle bakmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Oysa \u00f6zellikle Halla\u00e7-\u0131 Mansur\u2019la yeniden yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, \u0130bn Sina, \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015ft, \u0130bn Tufeyl, Farabi ve \u00d6mer Hayyam gibi temel tutamaklar \u00fczerine oturan insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, kendisine Ahmed Yesevi ve Hasan Sabbah gibi yeni dayanaklar da bularak 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l Anadolu\u2019sunda ilk kez sistematize, yeni bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel yap\u0131 kuruyordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flu, gereksemelerden do\u011fan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu toplumsal yap\u0131y\u0131 ise, \u00e7ok gecikmeden, premature de olsa do\u011furuyor, Anadolu\u2019da ayn\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde iki kez ya\u015fama ge\u00e7iriyordu.<\/p>\n

Avrupa ufuklar\u0131nda daha Renaissance\u2019\u0131n ilk \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 bile belirmemi\u015fti. Onun duragan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeki ana \u00f6zlem, Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn tanr\u0131tan\u0131mazlardan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Anadolu\u2019da neler oluyor?
\n<\/em><\/strong>B\u00fct\u00fcn ilk devrimler biraz da erken do\u011fumdur. Bunu, B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nde bile, devrimlerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn kesilmesinden anlam\u0131yor muyuz?<\/p>\n

13. y\u00fczy\u0131l Anadolu\u2019sunda da b\u00f6yle oldu.<\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131 \u201cresmi tarih\u201din 13.y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Anadolu\u2019ya ili\u015fkin de\u011ferli buldu\u011fu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201cbildi\u011fi\u201d tek \u015fey, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, 1204 y\u0131l\u0131nda Latinlerin \u0130stanbul\u2019a el koymu\u015f ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 57 y\u0131l elinde tutmu\u015f oldu\u011fudur. Bu arada \u0130stanbul\u2019da yap\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7 gece s\u00fcren o \u00fcnl\u00fc ya\u011fmalama, o m\u00fcthi\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcr k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 bilinir (dahas\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015fla bak\u0131l\u0131r) de bu s\u0131rada Anadolu\u2019da neler oldu\u011fu bilinmez!..<\/p>\n

Oysa ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, yani 1204\u2019te, Bat\u0131\u2019ya do\u011fru ilerleyen Mo\u011follar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ayd\u0131nlar Horasan, Ba\u011fdat, Hoy gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcr kentleri \u00fczerinden Anadolu\u2019ya akmaktad\u0131r. Bu geli\u015f 1230\u2019lara de\u011fin 25-30 y\u0131l s\u00fcrecektir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011fdat\u2019tan \u015eeyh Evhad\u00fc\u2019d Din-i Kirman\u00ee, k\u0131z\u0131 Fatma (Kad\u0131nc\u0131k Ana) ve m\u00fcridi gen\u00e7 Nasiru\u2019d Din Mahmud\u2019la (Ah\u00ee Evren\/Nasreddin Hoca) birlikte gelir, Kayseri\u2019ye yerle\u015fir. Hace Bekta\u015f Horasan\u2019dan gelip Baba \u0130lyas\u2019a m\u00fcrid olur. Mevl\u00e2n\u00e2, Belh\u2019den kalk\u0131p Ba\u011fdat yoluyla Anadolu\u2019ya ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde girer, Konya\u2019ya yerle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019da da ayd\u0131nlar yeti\u015fir. Bunlar, Baba \u0130lyas, Baba \u0130shak; Taptuk, Yunus ve Said Emre\u2019ler, A\u015f\u0131k Pa\u015fa gibi s\u00fbf\u00eelerdir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk \u201cvatan savunmas\u0131\u201d
\n<\/em><\/strong>Sel\u00e7uklular, T\u00fcrkmenlerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi\u011fi budun hareketini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nderleri Baba \u0130lyas\u2019\u0131 1240\u2019ta idam edince Anadolu\u2019nun her yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrkmenler \u00e7oluk \u00e7ocuk ayaklan\u0131r, Konya \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcrken H\u0131ristiyan askeri takviyeli Sel\u00e7uklu ordusu taraf\u0131ndan inan\u0131lmaz bir k\u0131r\u0131mla K\u0131r\u015fehir\u2019de, Malya Ovas\u0131\u2019nda durdurulur.<\/p>\n

Devleti ele ge\u00e7irmek \u00fczere y\u00fcr\u00fcrken can veren bu insan selinin Konya\u2019daki gibi olmayan \u00fctopik bir \u201cdo\u011fru devlet\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmal\u0131 de\u011fil midir?<\/p>\n

Yine \u0130stanbul Latinlerin elinde iken,1241\u2019de Mo\u011follar Anadolu\u2019ya da gelir. Kayseri\u2019de Ahi Evren ile e\u015fi Fatma Ana, Anadolu ah\u00eeleri ile birlikte d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk \u201cvatan savunmas\u0131\u201dn\u0131 yapar. Mo\u011follar\u0131 15 g\u00fcn Kayseri \u00f6nlerinde zorlar. Bu savunman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, ilk kez sahip Allah\u2019\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc i\u00e7in de\u011fil, insan\u0131n kendi \u00f6z vatan\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan kendilerini sahip Allah\u2019\u0131n vekili sayan Sel\u00e7uklu Sultanlar\u0131, Konya ve Anadolu kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 direnmeden a\u00e7arlar. Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131 Mo\u011fol valisi konumuna d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n

1244\u2019te Tebriz\u2019li \u015eems de gelir, Mevlana\u2019ya \u015feyh olur. Mevlana, Sel\u00e7uklulardan, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Mo\u011follardan yana tav\u0131r i\u00e7ine girer!.. Buna kar\u015f\u0131, Ahiler, Kayseri savunmas\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdikleri \u201cvatan savunmas\u0131\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn Anadolu i\u00e7in de g\u00f6sterir, Mo\u011follara, Sel\u00e7uklulara ve onlar\u0131 destekleyen Mevlevilere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenirler. G\u00e2ziyan-\u0131 R\u00fbm, Anadolu Gazileri b\u00f6yle olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Ahi Evren, \u015eeyh Nasirud Din Mahmud, Mevl\u00e2n\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu Ala\u00fc\u2019d Din \u00c7elebi ile birlikte \u015eems\u2019in gelmesinden yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra 1247\u2019de onu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr, ya da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ah\u00ee Evren ve Ala\u00fc\u2019d Din \u00c7elebi, Sel\u00e7uklu ba\u015fkenti Konya\u2019da da art\u0131k tutunamaz, K\u0131r\u015fehir\u2019e \u00e7ekilirler. On y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n, Anadolu Ah\u00eelerini \u00f6rg\u00fctlerler.<\/p>\n

Sonunda Mevl\u00e2n\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n da onay\u0131yla, Sel\u00e7uklu emiri Nuru\u2019d Din Caca, bir ay tutulmas\u0131 gecesi, gece bask\u0131n\u0131yla Ahi Evren \u015eeyh Nasiru\u2019d Din Mahmud\u2019u da Ala\u00fc\u2019d Din \u00c7elebi\u2019yi de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131l 1261\u2019dir. Ve \u0130stanbul h\u00e2l\u00e2 Latinlerin elindedir. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l \u0130stanbul\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kacaklar, Bizans imparatoru \u0130znik\u2019ten yeniden \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6necektir.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019da olu\u015fan yeni kavramlar
\n<\/strong><\/em>K\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi, Latinlerin \u0130stanbul\u2019u elinde tuttu\u011fu bu elliyedi y\u0131lda Anadolu\u2019da yeni kavramlar kazanm\u0131\u015f, ya da yeni kavramlar\u0131 yaratacak olan hareketlenmeleri ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

– Baba \u0130lyas\u2019\u0131n idam edilmesi, ileride ulus hareketlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek olan bir budun bilincini, T\u00fcrkmenlik\/T\u00fcrkmencilik bilincini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

– Bu bilin\u00e7, Hace Bekta\u015f, Yunus Emre ve A\u015f\u0131k Pa\u015fa arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla dil bilincini olu\u015fturmu\u015f, o g\u00fcne de\u011fin Fars\u00e7a ve Arap\u00e7a konu\u015fan k\u00fclt\u00fcr dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

– Kendini \u201ckul\u201d g\u00f6ren, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6zg\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 bile Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kulu olarak, onun ad\u0131na ve iste\u011fiyle yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, bu nedenle de o g\u00fcne de\u011fin yap\u0131tlar\u0131na imza koymayan insano\u011flu, Yunus\u2019la her \u015fiirine, her yap\u0131t\u0131na kendi \u00f6z i\u015faretini, imzas\u0131n\u0131 koymaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

– Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sahibi oldu\u011fu \u201cm\u00fclk\u201d\u00fcn, Ahi Evren, \u015eeyh Nasiru\u2019d Din Mahmud\u2019un vasiyetnamesi \u201c\u00c2\u011f\u00e2z \u00fc Enc\u00e2m\u201dda bireyin miras hakk\u0131 savunularak art\u0131k insanlara ge\u00e7mesi yolunda k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihinde son derece \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

– Anadolu\u2019da, tanr\u0131 vekili sultan denetimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u015fimdiye de\u011fin hi\u00e7 bilinmeyen bir \u201cy\u00f6netilen (halk)\u201d \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6nderli\u011fini \u00fcretici esnaf\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ah\u00eeyan-\u0131 R\u00fbm (Anadolu Ahileri) ile y\u00f6netilenlerin birbirine e\u015fit g\u00f6revlerle anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 R\u00fbm (Anadolu Bac\u0131lar\u0131), Abdalan-\u0131 R\u00fbm (Anadolu Abdallar\u0131 \/ din adamlar\u0131) ve G\u00e2ziyan-\u0131 R\u00fbm (Anadolu Gazileri \/ askerleri) \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesidir. Bu g\u00f6rev kesimleri aras\u0131nda hiyerar\u015fik bir yap\u0131 yoktur. Hi\u00e7biri birbirine \u00fcst\u00fcn de\u011fildir, birbirinin y\u00f6netiminde de\u011fildir. Yap\u0131n\u0131n temeli, aristokrat toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n tam tersidir. Tanr\u0131sal bir hiyerar\u015fi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla de\u011fil, dayan\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir birlikte y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Koca koca kuramlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan tepeden inmemi\u015f, gereksemelerin y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle tabandan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Aristokrat olmayan ilk devlet: Ankara Ah\u00ee Devleti
\n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Hace Bekta\u015f \u00e7izimi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

B\u00f6ylece, \u00fctopik bir toplum d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin olu\u015fmas\u0131 ve ideal bir devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn ko\u015fullar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Belki de Anadolu Ah\u00eeleri, \u00f6nlerinde hemen bir devlet bulmasalar yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u00fctopyalar da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecekti. Ama \u00f6yle olmad\u0131. Ahi Evren \u015feyh Nasiru\u2019d Din Mahmud\u2019un \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6rt y\u0131l sonra, 1265\u2019te, Anadolu Ah\u00eeleri koca bir kentin y\u00f6netimini avu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde buldular. Nas\u0131l oldu bilinmiyor, Ankara\u2019y\u0131 y\u00f6netecek kimse kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kente sahip \u00e7\u0131kabilecek bir tek Ahi \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Olas\u0131 ki Ankara\u2019y\u0131 d\u00fcnyada ilk kez y\u00f6netilenlerin y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in bir laboratuar olarak kulland\u0131lar. 1265\u2019te kurulup 1350\u2019li y\u0131llara de\u011fin ya\u015fayacak olan Ankara Ahi Devleti, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n aristokrat olmayan ilk y\u00f6netimidir. Y\u00f6neticileri ne tanr\u0131 ne peygamber ne de onlar\u0131n ya da vekillerinin g\u00f6revlendirdikleridir.<\/p>\n

Aristokrat Sel\u00e7uklu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde Ah\u00eeler, \u00fcretici esnaf olduklar\u0131ndan ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f say\u0131l\u0131r, b\u00f6yle g\u00f6revlere getirilme \u015fanslar\u0131 olmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019nun Ahi Evren\u2019in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1261\u2019den sonraki yakla\u015f\u0131k k\u0131rk y\u0131l\u0131 olduk\u00e7a karanl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bilgilerimiz, ve \u00e7\u0131karsayabildiklerimiz \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

– 1265 Ankara Ahi Devleti kurulur ve hi\u00e7 hareket etmez.<\/p>\n

– Yunus ve Said Emreler ile A\u015f\u0131k Pa\u015fa d\u00f6nem boyunca \u00fcr\u00fcn vermektedir.<\/p>\n

– 1271 Hace Bekta\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

– 1273\u2019te Mevl\u00e2n\u00e2 \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

– Ahi Evren\u2019in e\u015fi ve Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 R\u00fbm \u00fcyesi (belki de ba\u015fkan\u0131) Fatma Ana 1275 s\u0131ralar\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne de\u011fin Hace Bekta\u015f tekkesinde ya\u015far, i\u00e7 i\u015flerine bakar.<\/p>\n

– Ahi \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131nda kimin oldu\u011fu bilinmiyor. Tek bir insan\u0131n egemenli\u011fi de\u011fil, ortak y\u00f6netilmi\u015f olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksektir. Sonralar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funda \u015eeyh Edebali ad\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na tan\u0131k oluyoruz. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funa Ahi, Bac\u0131, Abdal ve Gazi \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn katk\u0131lar\u0131, Osman Bey\u2019in Edebali\u2019nin k\u0131z\u0131 Mal Hatun\u2019la evlenmesi, Edebali\u2019nin ah\u00ee olarak (tek kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ku\u015fkulu bir bilgidir) an\u0131lmas\u0131, onun Ah\u00eelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda olabilece\u011fi izlenimini vermektedir.<\/p>\n

– Osman ve Orhan Beylerin bir Mo\u011fol bask\u0131n\u0131ndan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-H\u0131ristiyan ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yapmadan kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131 esnaf mallar\u0131, Ankara deneyiminden sonra Anadolu Ah\u00eelerinin beysoylu bir aileyi kendilerine katarak devlet y\u00f6netimi denemeye y\u00f6neldiklerini sezdirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kurulurken…
\n<\/em><\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 devletinin kurulu\u015funa ve ilk zamanlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilgilerimiz daha kesindir:<\/p>\n

– Osman ve Orhan Bey\u2019lerin aristokrasiden gelen \u201cbey\u201d sanlar\u0131n\u0131 terk etti\u011fini ve Anadolu y\u00f6netilenlerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi olan Gaziyan-\u0131 R\u00fbm \u00fcyesi olarak her asker gibi yaln\u0131zca \u201cGazi\u201d san\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece tanr\u0131sal hiyerar\u015fiden s\u0131yr\u0131larak, kendilerini b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki y\u00f6netilenlerle e\u015fit g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini biliyoruz.<\/p>\n

– Aristokrat kar\u015f\u0131 devrim s\u00fcrecinin I. Murad\u2019tan II. Mehmed\u2019e de\u011fin ge\u00e7en haz\u0131rl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde fiilen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bu e\u015fitlik, kar\u015f\u0131 devrimin darbesini yaparak aristokrat k\u00fclt\u00fcr ad\u0131na iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren ve yeni yasalar\u0131n\u0131 koyan Fatih Mehmed kanunnamesiyle yasaya da girmi\u015ftir: \u201cVe canab-\u0131 \u015ferifim ile kimesne taam yemek Kanunum de\u011fildir, me\u011fer ehl\u2019i iyalden ola. Ecdad\u2019\u0131 izam\u0131n iyle yirler imi\u015f, ben ref\u2019eylemi\u015fimdir (\u015eerefli ki\u015fili\u011fimin, en yak\u0131nlar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kimse ile birlikte yemek yememeyi kanun eyliyorum. Y\u00fcce atalar\u0131m \u00f6yle yerlermi\u015f, ben kald\u0131rd\u0131m!.)\u201d<\/p>\n

– Elde bulunan ve yeni ele ge\u00e7irilen devlet topraklar\u0131n\u0131n (Miri topraklar) d\u00fcnyada ilk kez, toprak beylerine de\u011fil, do\u011frudan o toprakta \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak halka verilmesini sa\u011flayacak, \u201cdirlik d\u00fczeni\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bir toprak d\u00fczeni olu\u015fturulur. Bu d\u00fczene g\u00f6re her \u00e7ift\u00e7iye bir \u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fcn bir y\u0131lda s\u00fcrebilece\u011fi kadar toprak verme esas\u0131 getirilir. Toprak yine ilk kez tanr\u0131n\u0131n (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, vekili olan sultan\u0131n) m\u00fclk\u00fc olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, do\u011frudan y\u00f6netilenlerin ortak m\u00fclk\u00fc say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

– Bu nedenle de Osman ve Orhan Gazi\u2019ler zaman\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131, H\u0131ristiyan Bizansl\u0131lar i\u00e7in de kendi aristokrat devletlerine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha \u00e7ekici bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funda kimi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak, kimi kendi dininden ayr\u0131lmadan Bizansl\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanlar da fiilen var olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

– Osmanl\u0131, kurulu\u015funda bir \u201cAnadolu Dayan\u0131\u015fma Devleti\u201ddir.<\/p>\n

Aristokrat kar\u015f\u0131-devrim
\n<\/strong><\/em>O g\u00fcne de\u011fin denenmemi\u015f b\u00f6yle yepyeni bir sosyal yap\u0131y\u0131 var eden insan akl\u0131n\u0131n hem kuramc\u0131, yani \u00fctopyac\u0131, hem de uygulamac\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleme olana\u011f\u0131 yoktur<\/p>\n

\u00d6nce \u00fctopyay\u0131, sonra da uygulamay\u0131, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkmen\u201d, \u201cH\u0131ristiyan Ha\u00e7l\u0131\u201d ve \u201cBizans Ortodoks\u201d; ama ortak \u00f6zellikleri \u201cy\u00f6netilen\u201d olan \u201chalk\u201d\u0131n hep birlikte, ah\u00ee imecesiyle olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu sosyal yap\u0131, Osman ve Orhan Gaziler zaman\u0131nda, yani altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131la yak\u0131n, aksamas\u0131z y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Ankara Ahi Devleti, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na yakla\u015fmas\u0131yla, kendi devletleri olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri Osmanl\u0131\u2019yla Ankara\u2019y\u0131 birle\u015ftirir. B\u00f6ylece d\u00fcnyan\u0131n aristokrat olmayan ilk iki devleti tek devlete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

1. Murad\u2019\u0131n \u201cefendi\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki \u201cH\u00fcdavendig\u00e2r\u201d san\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131, insanlar aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fitli\u011fin, yeniden tanr\u0131sal hiyerar\u015fiye do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmekte oldu\u011funun bildi\u011fimiz ilk i\u015faretidir. B\u00f6ylelikle Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Aristokrat Kar\u015f\u0131-Devrim, ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 atmaya ba\u015flar. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli direni\u015fleri ile ba\u015flayacak, Sultan Selim (Yavuz)\u2019in \u00c7ald\u0131ran\u2019da \u015eah \u0130smail\u2019in son direni\u015fini de k\u0131rmas\u0131na de\u011fin s\u00fcrecektir.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019da \u00fctopik bir direni\u015f: Bedreddin hareketi
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u015eeyh Bedreddin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Aristokrat kar\u015f\u0131-devrimi durdurmaya y\u00f6nelik direni\u015fler s\u00fcrecinde Anadolu\u2019nun en \u00fctopik direni\u015fini \u015eeyh Bedreddin ve m\u00fcridleri, B\u00f6rkl\u00fcce Mustafa ile Torlak Kemal verir<\/p>\n

\u015eeyh Bedreddin\u2019in olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fi toplumsal yap\u0131, \u201cVaridat\u201d d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bize ula\u015fan ama hen\u00fcz \u00e7evrilmemi\u015f ve incelenmemi\u015f kitaplar\u0131nda ne denli vard\u0131r, bilemiyoruz. Onu su\u00e7layanlar\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiler ise, yaln\u0131zca k\u00f6t\u00fclemek amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetlemek gerekirse:<\/p>\n

Mizanc\u0131 Murad Bey, \u015eeyh\u2019in B\u00f6rkl\u00fcce Mustafa arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u015fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor: \u201cAllah d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f, insanlara bah\u015fetmi\u015ftir. Servet ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri c\u00fcmlenin m\u00fc\u015fterek hakk\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar m\u00fcsavidir. Birinin servet toplamalar\u0131yla di\u011ferlerinin ekme\u011fe bile muhta\u00e7 kalmalar\u0131 ilahi maksada ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z, nikahl\u0131 kad\u0131nlardan ba\u015fka d\u00fcnyada her \u015fey m\u00fc\u015fterek olmal\u0131. Tanr\u0131, kanunlar vaz\u2019etmi\u015f. Anlardan istifade i\u00e7in de ak\u0131l ve iz\u2019an vermi\u015ftir. Kendi akl\u0131n\u0131n muhiti dairesinde herkes ilahi emirleri kabul eder. Birinin muhiti, i\u2019tikad\u0131 di\u011ferininkine benzememek iddias\u0131yle \u00fczerinde cebir kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, ilahi emirlere ve maksadlar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, fikir ve vicdan bir ahenk-i tabiat m\u00fchsul\u00fcd\u00fcr. Cebrin tesirinden mas\u00fcndur. Bunun i\u00e7in \u0130slam, H\u0131ristiyan, Musevi, Mecusi hep Tanr\u0131 kuludur, birdir, karda\u015ft\u0131r. Aralar\u0131nda muhabbet ve uhuvvet \u015fartt\u0131r. \u0130htilat ve muhabbetleri sayesinde hak, bat\u0131la galebe eder. H\u00fck\u00fcmet ise z\u00fclm ve tagall\u00fcb mahsul\u00fcd\u00fcr. An\u0131n tecav\u00fczlerini ho\u015f g\u00f6rmek, Tanr\u0131n\u0131n maksad\u0131na uygun olmayan emirlerine itaat etmek caiz de\u011fildir. \u0130dari hey\u2019et, zaman-\u0131 saadet\u2019te oldu\u011fu gibi millet taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmelidir. Saray, saltanat, muharebe, asker hep zulmd\u00fcr. Tekkeler, dervi\u015fler, ulema O\u2019nlar da zulm ve tagall\u00fcb eserleridir. Herkes h\u00fcrriyet-i tamme \u00fczre fikir ve meslek-i zatide bulunmal\u0131. Kom\u015fusunun meslek ve mezhebine h\u00fcrmet etmeli…\u201d<\/p>\n

\u015eeyh Bedreddin\u2019e g\u00f6re cennet ve cehennem bu d\u00fcnyadaki iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc hareketlerin ruhlardaki ac\u0131 veya tatl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri idi. \u0130nsan\u0131 hakka do\u011fru g\u00f6t\u00fcren her \u015fey melek ve rahmand\u0131r ve aksine s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen ve insan\u0131n damarlar\u0131nda dola\u015fan \u015fehvani g\u00fc\u00e7ler ise \u015feytand\u0131r. Bedreddin, ruh ve maddeyi ayn\u0131 g\u00f6rmekle di\u011fer mutasavv\u0131flardan ayr\u0131l\u0131r. M\u00fclkiyette ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur ki, en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ve \u00fczerinde farkl\u0131 spek\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fc budur.<\/p>\n

Bizans Tarih\u00e7isi Dukas bu konuda \u015fu bilgileri sunuyor. \u201cO zamanlarda \u0130yonyen k\u00f6rfezi medhalinde kain ve avam lisan\u0131nda Stilaryon (Karaburun) tesmiye edilen da\u011fl\u0131k bir memlekette adi bir T\u00fcrk k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc meydana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Stilaryon, Sak\u0131z Adas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mezkur k\u00f6yl\u00fc T\u00fcrklere vaiz ve nasihatlerde bulunuyor ve kad\u0131nlar m\u00fcstesna olmak \u00fczere erzak, elbise, hayvanat ve arazi gibi \u015feylerin kuffesinin umumun m\u00fc\u015fterek mal\u0131 addedilmesini tavsiye ediyordu… (Ali Yaman\u2019\u0131n \u201cSimavna Kad\u0131s\u0131 o\u011flu \u015eeyh Bedreddin\u201d \u0130stanbul 1977 adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

Renaissance, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l Anadolu\u2019sunda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r
\n<\/em><\/strong>Ve\u2026 B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fctopyac\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011fi gibi onlar da yenildiler. \u00c7oluk \u00e7ocuk akan kan\u0131n haddi hesab\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

Sultan II. Mehmed (Fatih) ile Bizans aristokrat k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve Sel\u00e7uklu aristokrat k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc birle\u015fti, kar\u015f\u0131 devrimin darbesini olu\u015fturdu, iktidara b\u00fct\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla oturdu. Anadolu Devrimini yapan Alevi T\u00fcrkmenler direnmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Celal\u00ee \u0130syanlar\u0131 kanla bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, K\u00f6ro\u011flu, y\u00f6netilenlerin y\u00fcre\u011findeki yi\u011fit yerini ald\u0131. Pir Sultan Abdal, eski m\u00fcridi H\u0131z\u0131r Pa\u015fa elinde dara \u00e7ekildi. Son \u00e7abalama, Safevilerden geldi, kurucusu \u015eah \u0130smail, Sultan Selim (Yavuz) taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7ald\u0131ran\u2019da yok edildi. Anadolu Devrimi b\u00f6ylece Aristokrasinin yeniden egemenli\u011fiyle son buldu.<\/p>\n

Ancak a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a saptamak gerekir ki, insano\u011flunun Renaissance\u2019\u0131, ben merkezci Avrupal\u0131n\u0131n sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda de\u011fil, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l Anadolu\u2019sunda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bundan sonra k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihinin \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kacak olan, \u00fc\u00e7 Renaissance \u00fctopyas\u0131, Thomas Morus\u2019un \u201c\u00dctopia\u201ds\u0131, Campanella\u2019n\u0131n \u201cG\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi\u201d ve Francis Bacon\u2019un \u201cYeni Atlantis\u201didir. Ancak Renaissance\u2019\u0131n da Renaissance \u00fctopyalar\u0131n\u0131n da k\u00f6kenine Anadolu Devrimi deneyiminin yerle\u015ftirilmesiyle eksik tamamlanabilir, insano\u011flunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00e7izgisi, aradaki bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurarak yerli yerine oturabilir.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdiye de\u011fin 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l Anadolu\u2019sunda Ha\u00e7l\u0131 \u015f\u00f6valyelerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine do\u011fru d\u00fcr\u00fcst ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve inceleme yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l Anadolu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Avrupal\u0131 \u015f\u00f6valyeleri nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fi, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerinde hangi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferleri g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fckleri de bilinmemektedir.<\/p>\n

Anadolu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Engizisyonun sapk\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere sahip sayarak yarg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve toplu halde engizisyon ate\u015flerine \u00e7\u0131ra etti\u011fi \u015f\u00f6valyelerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n az olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Bu bilginin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 bile ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya de\u011fer oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeye yetecektir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihinde dura\u011fan ve devingen ak\u0131l
\n<\/strong><\/em>Bug\u00fcne de\u011fin insan akl\u0131, duragan bir evren kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn orta\u00e7a\u011f ve Aristokrat k\u00fclt\u00fcr doruk noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re insandan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir ger\u00e7ek vard\u0131r. O ger\u00e7ek sakin, dingin ve hareketsizdir (zamandan ve mek\u00e2ndan m\u00fcnezzeh!). \u0130\u015fte her zaman insano\u011flu, usunu bu dingin ger\u00e7e\u011fi bulmak i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nan\u00e7 dizgeleri de bilim de bu durgun \u201cger\u00e7ek\u201di bulmaya \u00e7abalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihinde \u201cdevingen ak\u0131l\u201d\u0131 ilk sezen, \u201cdurgun ak\u0131l\u201da ili\u015fkin ku\u015fkuyu ilk duyan, M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ephesos\u2019lu yurtta\u015f\u0131m\u0131z Herakleitos olmu\u015ftur. Ona g\u00f6re, evrende bir logos vard\u0131r, insano\u011flu bu logosa uygun olarak her g\u00fcn kendi yeni g\u00fcncel do\u011frusunu bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cHer\u015fey akar\u201d!.. Duragan bir ger\u00e7ek bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak bo\u015funad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Herakleitos\u2019dan sonra duragan akla kar\u015f\u0131 duran ilk insanlar Anadolu Devriminin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel alt yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da olu\u015fturmu\u015f olan\u00a0 Anadolu s\u00fbf\u00eeleridir. Onlara g\u00f6re insan ya\u015fam\u0131, tek bir do\u011fruyu bulmak i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mez. Ya\u015fam boyu verdikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde \u00e7eli\u015fki varm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen \u015fey, ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u015famalar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fik, ama her biri g\u00fcn\u00fcne g\u00f6re do\u011fru olan yarg\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bundan sonra devingen ak\u0131l, her ne denli de\u011fi\u015fmez do\u011fruya ula\u015fma \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7inde olsa da Renaissance sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, bilim insanlar\u0131 ve filozoflar\u0131 \u00fczerine etkili olmu\u015ftur. Tek ger\u00e7ek say\u0131lan duragan tanr\u0131 ve onun duragan evreni, yerini ba\u015fka ba\u015fka bireylere, filozoflara, sanat\u00e7\u0131lara, bilim insanlar\u0131na ve onlar\u0131n zamana ve bireye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fik olan evrenlerine b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Renaissance\u2019a kat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan tam \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce<\/p>\n

\"\"
Yunus Emre<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

tanr\u0131sal \u201cben\u201din art\u0131k kendi \u201cben\u201di oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Yunus:<\/p>\n

\u201cBen kimseden kork\u0131mazam ya bir zerre kay\u0131rmazam
\nBen \u015fimdi kimden korkay\u0131m korktu\u011fum ile bir oldum.<\/p>\n

\u201cAzrail gelmez yan\u0131ma Sorucu gelmez sinime
\nBunlar benden ne sorarlar onu sorduran ben oldum.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Sonunda Hegel\u2019in duragan akl\u0131ndan devingen akl\u0131 yeniden k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihine \u00e7\u0131karan Marx-Engels olmu\u015ftur. (Devingen akla sahip olma konusunda Friedrich Nietzsche\u2019de ve Mustafa Kemal\u2019de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc belirtiler vard\u0131r. Bu konu ayr\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve yaz\u0131 konusudur.)<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr Tarihi\u2019nin hangi a\u015famas\u0131nda olursa olsun, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fctopyalar, duragan akl\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130ster do\u011faya ister toplumsal yap\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 kurulmu\u015f olsun, \u00fctopik harlay\u0131\u015f ve f\u0131rlay\u0131\u015f \u201cen yetkin\u201di aramaktad\u0131r. Yani tek tek insanlar\u0131n ama hepsinin huzura varaca\u011f\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn gereksemelerinin kar\u015f\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131, birbirleri ile hi\u00e7bir \u00e7eli\u015fki ya\u015famayacaklar\u0131 do\u011fal ve toplumsal bir yap\u0131 \u00f6zlenmektedir. \u00d6zlenenin bir t\u00fcr \u201ccennet\u201d oldu\u011fu do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n

Ama Cennet \u00fctopya de\u011fildir yasaklamalara kar\u015f\u0131 bir arma\u011fan olarak sunulmaktad\u0131r. Yani bu d\u00fcnyada elden al\u0131nanlar\u0131n yeniden geri verilmesidir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle, \u00fctopyalar duragan akl\u0131n duragan yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Oysa bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce insan akl\u0131n\u0131 duraganl\u0131ktan kurtar\u0131p devingen bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fturmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu devingenlik, olas\u0131 ki gelece\u011fin \u00fctopyalar\u0131n\u0131 da etkileyecek, duragan, b\u00fcy\u00fck, de\u011fi\u015fmeyecek g\u00f6llenmeler olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karacak, Herakleitos\u2019un akan ve durmadan de\u011fi\u015ftiren \u0131rma\u011f\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gelece\u011fe do\u011fru d\u00f6rt nala ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihinde insano\u011flunun bir d\u00f6nemeci daha geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k olmak \u00fczereyiz. Gelece\u011fe ili\u015fkin \u00f6zlemlerimiz art\u0131k duragan yap\u0131lanmalar olamayacak. Bunun yerini delicesine akar \u0131rmaklar \u00fczerinde ayakta durman\u0131n \u00e7abas\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 alacak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flu bunu ba\u015farabildi\u011fi oranda insanla\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilecektir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsano\u011flunun Renaissance\u2019\u0131, ben merkezci Avrupal\u0131n\u0131n sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda de\u011fil, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l Anadolu\u2019sunda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1265\u2019te kurulup 1350\u2019li y\u0131llara de\u011fin ya\u015fayacak olan Ankara Ahi Devleti, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n aristokrat olmayan ilk y\u00f6netimidir. Y\u00f6neticileri ne tanr\u0131 ne peygamber ne de onlar\u0131n ya da vekillerinin g\u00f6revlendirdikleridir. Ankara Devleti ile birle\u015fen Osmanl\u0131 da, kurulu\u015funda bir \u201cAnadolu Dayan\u0131\u015fma Devleti\u201ddir. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":474,"featured_media":9128,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43,221,222],"tags":[571,584,591,589,583,411],"class_list":["post-9127","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-5-sayi","category-felsefe","category-tarih","tag-anadolu","tag-dogu","tag-haci-bektas-i-veli","tag-seyh-bedreddin","tag-utopya","tag-yunus-emre"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t