{"id":9201,"date":"2009-02-01T23:28:24","date_gmt":"2009-02-01T21:28:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9201"},"modified":"2017-05-20T22:25:57","modified_gmt":"2017-05-20T19:25:57","slug":"eserleri-vatikan-tarafindan-yasaklanan-unlu-filozof-bilimci-ve-edebiyatcilar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/02\/01\/eserleri-vatikan-tarafindan-yasaklanan-unlu-filozof-bilimci-ve-edebiyatcilar","title":{"rendered":"Eserleri Vatikan taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanan \u00fcnl\u00fc filozof, bilimci ve edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar"},"content":{"rendered":"

500 y\u0131ld\u0131r bilim, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, edebiyat alan\u0131nda doru\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekillendirmi\u015f kim varsa yap\u0131tlar\u0131 Vatikan\u2019\u0131n Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015f. \u0130\u015fte baz\u0131lar\u0131: Dante, Bacon, Balzac, Simone de Beauvoir, Bruno, Kopernik, Descartes, Diderot, Alexandre Dumas, Prusya Kral\u0131 Freidrich II, Galileo, Helvetius, Hobbes, Hugo, Hume, Kant, Kepler, La Fontaine, Locke, Luther, Machiavelli, Montaigne, Montesquieu, Proudhon, Rousseau, Sade, Sartre, Spinoza, Voltaire, Emile Zola\u2026 Deyim yerindeyse Vatikan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015f!<\/em><\/p>\n

Peter (Pierre) Abelard<\/strong><\/p>\n

Skolastik felsefenin ilk temsilcilerinden biri olan Frans\u0131z filozofu ve tanr\u0131bilimcisi. 1079-1142 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Abelard, hen\u00fcz 22 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Melun\u2019de bir okul a\u00e7t\u0131. Canon Fulbert de Notre Dame\u2019\u0131n gen\u00e7 ye\u011feni Heloise ile a\u015fk ser\u00fcveni y\u00fcz\u00fcnden meslek ya\u015fam\u0131na son vermek zorunda kald\u0131 ve Fulbert\u2019in buyru\u011fuyla had\u0131m edildi. Fakat Heloise ile mektupla\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Felsefesini benimseyenlerin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131yla yeniden halka a\u00e7\u0131k dersler vermeye ba\u015flasa da Aziz Bernard\u2019\u0131n giri\u015fimiyle \u201cTeolojiye Giri\u015f\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 Soissons Kons\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararla yak\u0131ld\u0131. Mezhep sapk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla su\u00e7land\u0131. 60 ya\u015flar\u0131nda Papa taraf\u0131ndan affedilmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Roma\u2019ya y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek gitmeye kalkt\u0131. Ama yorgun d\u00fc\u015ferek Cluny Manast\u0131r\u0131\u2019na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131 ve orada son yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131ktan sonra \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Felsefedeki \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fi, diyalektik kan\u0131t y\u00f6ntemini geli\u015ftirmesi ve kutsal kitap konusundaki derin bilgisiyle skolasti\u011fin ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lan Pierre Abelard\u2019\u0131n \u201cTeolojiye Giri\u015f\u201d ve \u201cHeloise\u2019ye Mektuplar\u201d adl\u0131 eserleri Vatikan\u2019\u0131n Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019nin 1559 tarihli ilk versiyonunda yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Joseph Addison<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz \u015fair, denemeci, gazeteci ve devlet adam\u0131. 1672-1719 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Joseph Addison, The Spectator ve The Tatleradli adl\u0131 gazetelerin yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131nda Sir Richard Steele ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131. Gazetecilik ve edebiyat\u0131, o s\u0131ralar \u0130ngiltere’de egemen s\u0131n\u0131f haline gelen ayd\u0131n burjuvazinin be\u011fenisine uygun bir anlay\u0131\u015fla ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Denemelerinde, orta s\u0131n\u0131flara felsefe (John Locke felsefesi) ve edebiyattaki son geli\u015fmeleri tan\u0131tarak be\u011fenilerini inceltmeyi ama\u00e7 edindi. Denemeleriyle \u0130ngiliz d\u00fczyaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Joseph Addison\u2019un \u0130talya\u2019ya ili\u015fkin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki eseri 1729 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vatikan\u2019\u0131n Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Magnus Albertus<\/strong><\/p>\n

Orta\u00e7a\u011f Alman filozofu Magnus Albertus (1207-1280) Dominiken tarikat\u0131na girmi\u015f ve Aristoteles’i ve F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee, \u0130bn S\u00een\u00e2, \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd ve \u0130bn Tufeyl gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman filozoflar\u0131n Aristoteles felsefesine ili\u015fkin yorumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra bu yorumlara dayanarak H\u0131ristiyan inan\u00e7lar\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fabilecek yeni yorumlar getirmi\u015ftir. Felsefe sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131lla \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Kutsal Kitap’la \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmamaya ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla inan\u00e7la \u00e7eli\u015fmemeye b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla \u00f6\u011frencisi Thomas Aquinas’\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Magnus Albertus\u2019a g\u00f6re, biri ak\u0131l ve \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fc ise inan\u00e7 i\u00e7in do\u011fru olan ve birbirleriyle \u00e7eli\u015fen iki do\u011fru yoktur; ger\u00e7ekten do\u011fru olan her \u015fey, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir uyum i\u00e7inde birle\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\nBir\u00e7ok bilimle ilgilendi\u011fi i\u00e7in Doctor Universalis (Evrensel Bilgin) l\u00e2kab\u0131yla tan\u0131nan Magnus Albertus, kimya alan\u0131nda da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, nitrik asidin madenler \u00fczerindeki etkisi ve alt\u0131n\u0131n ar\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi kimyesal konular\u0131 incelemi\u015ftir; ayr\u0131ca astronomi ve biyoloji ile de ilgilenmi\u015ftir.
\nDinsel dogmalarla \u00e7eli\u015fmemek i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi onca \u00f6zene ra\u011fmen Magnus Albertus da Vatikan\u2019\u0131n Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019nde yer almaktan kurtulamad\u0131. \u201cDe secretis mulierum\u201d adl\u0131 eseri 1604 y\u0131l\u0131nda Liste\u2019ye girdi.<\/p>\n

Vittorio Alfieri<\/strong><\/p>\n

1749-1803 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u0130talyan drama yazar\u0131. \u0130talyan trajedyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc say\u0131lan ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Fransa\u2019da ge\u00e7iren Alfieri, Frans\u0131z Devrimini \u00f6nce olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f ama daha sonraki y\u00f6neli\u015fini ele\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Vittorio Alfieri\u2019nin \u201cDella tirannide\u201d, \u201cSatire\u201d ve \u201cVita di Vittorio Alfieri da Asti scritta da esso\u201d adl\u0131 eserleri 1823 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u201cDel principe e delle lettere\u201d ve \u201cPanegirico di Plinio a Traiano\u201d adl\u0131 eserleri de 1827 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vatikan\u2019\u0131n Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne girdi.<\/p>\n

Dante Alighieri<\/strong><\/p>\n

1265-1321 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130talyan ozan, yazar ve politikac\u0131. Modern Avrupa ve \u0130talya i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir fig\u00fcr olan Dante\u2019nin en bilinen eseri, ahirete yap\u0131lan bir yolculu\u011fu anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u0130lahi Komedya\u201dd\u0131r (La Divina Commedia). Bu eser Cehennem, Araf ve Cennet isimlerinde \u00fc\u00e7 ciltten olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. D\u00fcnya edebiyat tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck eserlerinden biri kabul edildi\u011fi gibi, modern \u0130talyanca\u2019n\u0131n da temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Dante\u2019nin politika alan\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cMonar\u015fi\u201d (De Monarchia) adl\u0131 eseri 1318 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130talya\u2019da yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, 1700 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Kilise taraf\u0131ndan Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Francis Bacon<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilimsel y\u00f6ntem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, bilimin uygar ya\u015fam i\u00e7in \u00f6nemini, uygulamaya y\u00f6nelik bilginin g\u00fc\u00e7 ve de\u011ferini i\u015fleyen yap\u0131tlar\u0131; k\u0131s\u0131r diye niteledi skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcreklice ortaya koydu\u011fu tepkisiyle bilim tarihine y\u00f6n \u00e7izen \u00f6nc\u00fc \u0130ngiliz filozofu. 1561-1626 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Bacon deneyimci (ampirik) felsefenin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc say\u0131l\u0131r. Bacon\u2019a g\u00f6re g\u00f6zlem ve deney bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n as\u0131l \u00f6zellikleriydi. Do\u011fru olan y\u00f6ntem, g\u00f6zlem ve deneyle olgular\u0131 saptamak, toplanan verilerden ind\u00fcksiyonla genellemelere gitmek, ula\u015f\u0131lan genellemelerden en kapsaml\u0131 olanlar\u0131 aksiyom olarak se\u00e7mekti. T\u00fcmdengelim ancak bu a\u015famadan sonra yararl\u0131 olabilirdi. \u201cBilimin \u0130lerlemesi\u201d, \u201cNovum Organum\u201d, \u201cYeni Atlantis\u201d ve \u201cMagna Instauratio (B\u00fcy\u00fck Yeni D\u00fczen)\u201d en \u00fcnl\u00fc eserleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zaman zaman tanr\u0131tan\u0131mazl\u0131kla da su\u00e7lanan Bacon\u2019un \u201cDe dignitate et augmentis scientiarum libri IX\u201d adl\u0131 eseri 1668 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Honor\u00e9 de Balzac<\/strong><\/p>\n

1799-1850 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u00e7\u0131. Romanda ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik ve do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak kabul edilir. Mant\u0131ksal bir s\u0131ra izleyen olaylar\u0131n her \u015feyi g\u00f6ren bir g\u00f6zlemcinin a\u011fz\u0131ndan anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, kahramanlar\u0131n tutarl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde sunuldu\u011fu, kurallar\u0131 belli klasik roman tekni\u011fini Balzac’\u0131n kurdu\u011fu benimsenir. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir g\u00f6zlem yetene\u011fi ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir haf\u0131zas\u0131 vard\u0131. Kendisini ba\u015fka insanlar\u0131n yerine koyup onlar\u0131n duygular\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmay\u0131 biliyordu. Eserlerinde nedenselli\u011fi ve arka plan ile karakterler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi a\u00e7\u0131klamakta ustad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6zellikleriyle “roman\u0131n Shakespeare’i say\u0131l\u0131r. Ard\u0131nda 85\u2019i tamamlanm\u0131\u015f 50\u2019si taslak halinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da eser b\u0131rakan Balzac\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye de \u00e7evrilen en \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131tlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u201cK\u00f6yl\u00fc \u0130syan\u0131\u201d, \u201cEugenie Grandet\u201d, \u201cGoriot Baba\u201d, \u201cKibar Fahi\u015feler\u201d, \u201cVadideki Zambak\u201d, \u201cK\u00f6y Papaz\u0131\u201d, \u201c\u0130ki Gelinin Hat\u0131ralar\u0131\u201d say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Balzac, 1830\u2019lardan sonra bir toplum tarihi yazmak amac\u0131yla, eski ve yeni romanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm alt\u0131nda toplamaya karar verdi: Gelenek incelemeleri, felsefi incelemeler ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyici incelemeler. Bu tasar\u0131 1834-1837 aras\u0131nda 12 cilt olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 1840\u2019ta bu yap\u0131tlar\u0131n hepsine \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131k Komedisi\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 koydu. Bu k\u00fclliyat\u0131n 1842-1848 aras\u0131nda 17 ciltlik bir bask\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131; 1869-1876 aras\u0131nda da 24 cilt olarak yay\u0131nland\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bu \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131k Komedisi\u201d 1841 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vatikan taraf\u0131ndan Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu. Bu bir anlamda Balzac\u2019\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn eserlerinin yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n

Balzac\u2019\u0131n 1841\u2019de Liste\u2019ye konan di\u011fer iki eseri de \u201cOmnes fabulae amatoriae\u201d ve \u201cLes Contes Drolatiques\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Simone de Beauvoir<\/strong><\/p>\n

Modern Feminizmin kurucusu say\u0131lan Frans\u0131z yazar ve filozof (1908-1986). 1949\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bask\u0131lar\u0131n bilimsel incelenmesini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve modern feminizmin temellerini kurdu\u011fu \u201c\u0130kinci Cins\u201d (Le Deuxi\u00e8me Sexe) adl\u0131 eseri \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Eserde Freudcu y\u00f6nleri a\u011f\u0131r basan feminist bir varolu\u015f\u00e7uluk g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar. De Beauvoir temel prensip olarak varolu\u015fun \u00f6zden \u00f6nce geldi\u011fini kabul eder ve \u201cKad\u0131n do\u011fulmaz kad\u0131n olunur\u201d prensibine ula\u015f\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 di\u011fer kavram\u0131 \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n di\u011fer olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve mevcut sosyal konumunu, g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bask\u0131n\u0131n temeli olarak nitelendirir. De Beauvoir, tarihte her zaman kad\u0131n\u0131n sapk\u0131n ve anormal canl\u0131lar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia eder.<\/p>\n

Simone de Beauvoir\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131tlar\u0131 da Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Jeremy Bentham<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz filozof, hukuk\u00e7u ve toplum reformcusu. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) yararc\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6\u011fretisinin kurucusu olarak da biliniyor. Hayvan haklar\u0131n\u0131n ilk savunucular\u0131ndand\u0131r ve liberalizmin geli\u015fiminde b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Bentham a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6zl\u00fc bir hukuk reformcusu, do\u011fal hukuk, do\u011fal haklar ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmecilik gibi yerle\u015fik siyasal \u00f6\u011fretilerin ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir ele\u015ftiricisidir. Bentham’\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca yap\u0131lan kamu y\u00f6netimi reformlar\u0131n\u0131 da derinden etkilemi\u015ftir. Beccaria, Helvetius, Diderot, d\u2019Alembert ve Voltaire gibi Ayd\u0131nlanma filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Locke ve Hume\u2019dan da etkilenen Bentham, yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda deneyci yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kavramsal a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa ve t\u00fcmdengelimli uslamlamaya dayal\u0131 bir us\u00e7uluk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla birle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bentham\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131daki yap\u0131tlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Blackstone\u2019un reform kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 gelenek\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ilk yap\u0131t\u0131 \u201cA Fragment on Goverment\u201d (Y\u00f6netim \u00dczerine, 1776); hukuksal, ahl\u00e2ki ve toplumsal reformlara temel olu\u015fturabilecek ussal ilkeler geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 \u201cAn Introduction to the Prenciples of Morals and Legislation\u201d (Ahl\u00e2k\u0131n ve Yasaman\u0131n \u0130lkelerine Giri\u015f, 1789), parlamento reformuna ili\u015fkin demokratik \u00f6nerilerini i\u00e7eren \u201cA Catechism of Parliamentary Reform\u201d (Parlamento Reformu \u0130\u00e7in Bir K\u0131lavuz, 1817) ve ancak ilk cildini yay\u0131mlayabildi\u011fi \u201cConstitutional Code\u201d (Anayasa Hukuku, 1830) say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Vatikan tabii ki Bentham\u2019\u0131 da es ge\u00e7medi. 4 eserini Liste\u2019ye ald\u0131. Eserlerin ad\u0131 ve Liste\u2019ye giri\u015f tarihleri \u015f\u00f6yle: \u201cDeontology or the science of morality\u201d (1825), \u201cThree acts relative to spanish and portuguese affairs\u201d (1826), \u201cTraite des preuves judiciaires\u201d (1828) ve \u201cTraites de legislation eivile et penale\u201d (1819).<\/p>\n

Henri Bergson<\/strong><\/p>\n

1859-1941 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Frans\u0131z filozof. Sezgicili\u011fin kurucusudur. Ak\u0131l yerine sezgiyi \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta y\u00f6nlendirici bir at\u0131l\u0131mla s\u00fcrekli geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bergson\u2019un \u201cEssai sur les donnees immediates de la conscience\u201d (Bilincin Dolays\u0131z Verileri \u00dczerine Deneme), \u201cL’evulution creatrice\u201d (Yarat\u0131c\u0131 Evrim) ve \u201cMatiere et memoire\u201d (Madde ve Bellek) adl\u0131 yap\u0131tlar\u0131 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

George Berkeley<\/strong><\/p>\n

1685-1753 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan ve d\u00fcnyada yaln\u0131zca zihin ya da ruhlar\u0131n ve bu ruhlar\u0131n idelerinin varoldu\u011funu, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k maddenin varolmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcren; yani modern idealizmin en \u00f6nde gelen savunucusu, hatta kurucusu olan \u0130rlandal\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Maddenin yerine Tanr\u0131y\u0131 yerle\u015ftiren Berkeley bile Vatikan\u2019\u0131n gazab\u0131ndan kurtulamad\u0131. Kilise, Berkeley\u2019in \u201cAlciphron: or The minute philosopher\u201d adl\u0131 eserini ayk\u0131r\u0131 dinsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle 1742 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne koydu.<\/p>\n

Giovanni Boccaccio<\/strong><\/p>\n

1313-1375 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u0130talyan yazar ve \u015fair. R\u00f6nesans h\u00fcmanizmi i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemliydi; eserleri aras\u0131nda \u201cDecameron\u201d en fazla tan\u0131nan\u0131yd\u0131. D\u00f6neminde realizmi, hisleri ve zekas\u0131yla kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olmu\u015ftur. Boccaccio d\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ilk hik\u00e2yecisi, Decameron da ilk hik\u00e2ye olarak an\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cDecameron\u201d, Vatikan taraf\u0131ndan 1559\u2019da haz\u0131rlanan ilk Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Robert Boyle<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130rlandal\u0131 do\u011fa filozofu, kimyager, fizik\u00e7i, k\u00e2\u015fif Robert Boyle (1627-1691), ilk modern kimyac\u0131 olarak an\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc, \u201cThe Sceptical Chymist\u201d (Ku\u015fkucu Kimyager), kimya alan\u0131nda bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Francis Bacon\u2019u izleyen Boyle da, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bilime b\u00fcy\u00fck umutlarla ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 onu \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u201cGer\u00e7e\u011fi soluyan Robert Boyle\u201d diye anm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fal olarak Boyle da 1695 y\u0131l\u0131nda 3 eseriyle Vatikan\u2019\u0131n Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne girdi: \u201cOf the seraphic love or motives and incentives to the love of God\u201d, \u201cOf the seraphic love or motives and incentives to the love of God\u201d ve \u201cSome considerations touching the style of the holy scriptures\u201d.<\/p>\n

Thomas Browne<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u0131p, dinler, bilim ve ezoterik konular \u00f6ncelikli olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok konu hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lar yazm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130ngiliz yazar. Sir Thomas Browne\u2019un (1605-1682) yaz\u0131lar\u0131, Francis Bacon’un Bilimsel Devrime getirdi\u011fi sorgulay\u0131c\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n etkisiyle do\u011fal hayata kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir merak ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cReligio medici\u201d adl\u0131 eseri, ayk\u0131r\u0131 dinsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle 1645 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Giordano Bruno<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130talyan filozof, rahip, g\u00f6kbilimci Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), R\u00f6nesans felsefesini bi\u00e7imlendiren filozoflar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlilerinden biridir ve \u015fair y\u00f6n\u00fcyle de edebiyata en yak\u0131n duran\u0131d\u0131r. Ona do\u011fac\u0131 co\u015fkunlu\u011fun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc de denilebilir. Aristoteles\u00e7i kapal\u0131 evren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden ilk s\u0131yr\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda yer alan \u0130talyan filozof, Kopernik\u2019in tezini savundu. Evrenin sonsuz ve e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve evrende d\u00fcnyadan ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok gezegenin bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler besledi\u011fi i\u00e7in 1600 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin Engizisyon mahkemesinde yarg\u0131lan\u0131p sapk\u0131n ilan edildi ve Roma\u2019da diri diri yak\u0131larak idam edildi.<\/p>\n

Bruno\u2019nun t\u00fcm eserleri, katledili\u015fiyle birlikte, 1600 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

John Calvin<\/strong><\/p>\n

1509-1564 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Frans\u0131z as\u0131ll\u0131 tanr\u0131bilimci. John Calvin, Katolik Kilisesi\u2019ne ve Papal\u0131\u011fa muhalefet sonucu kurulan Protestanl\u0131k mezhebinin Martin Luther\u2019den sonraki ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck ismi. Akla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem vererek, yerle\u015fmi\u015f kurallar\u0131 ele\u015ftiren Protestanlar\u0131n \u00e7izgisini ileri noktaya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Calvin, dinin yaln\u0131zca inan\u00e7 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretim sorunu oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Papal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve o g\u00fcne dek var olan mezhepleri ele\u015ftirerek reformlar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerdi. Fransa’da do\u011fan, uzun s\u00fcre \u0130svi\u00e7re’de ya\u015fayan Calvin, buradan Avrupa’ya reformist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yaymay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Alman d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Max Weber, Calvin’in kapitalist zihniyetin do\u011fu\u015funda birinci derecede etken oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Calvin\u2019in \u201cCivil and Canonical Law\u201d adl\u0131 eseri 1559 y\u0131l\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan ilk Liste\u2019de ve 1564 listesinde yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Auguste Comte<\/strong><\/p>\n

1798-1857 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan, pozitivizmin kurucusu Frans\u0131z filozofu. Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine ge\u00e7en yeni bilim k\u00f6kenli ideoloji i\u00e7in bir zemin sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Comte\u2019un temel amac\u0131, toplumun re\u00adformdan ge\u00e7irilmesi ve yeni ba\u015ftan d\u00fczenlenmesi olmu\u015ftur. Bu ama\u00e7, ona g\u00f6re, toplumu y\u00f6neten yasalar\u0131n bilgisini, toplumu konu edinen bir bilimi gerektirir. Bu bilim i\u00e7in ise, yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na, yeni bir felsefe anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na gerek duyulur. Bu nedenle, Comte arzulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal reform ve d\u00fczenlemeyi bilimsel temelleri olan bir felsefe, pozitif fel\u00adsefe ya da pozitivizm \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olan bir toplum bilimi geli\u015ftirerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u00adrebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Comte, sosyoloji kavram\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez kullanan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Auguste Comte, burjuvazinin aristokrasiyle m\u00fccadele i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu devrimci d\u00f6neminin de\u011fil, iktidar\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra kendi toplumsal d\u00fczenini yerle\u015ftirme d\u00f6neminin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Comte\u2019un \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri \u201cCours de philosophie positive\u201d (Pozitif Felsefe Dersleri) 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Etienne de Condillac<\/strong><\/p>\n

1715-1780 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc. John Locke\u2019un empirizminden etkilenerek duyumcu bir bilgi kuram\u0131 geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Duyu alg\u0131lar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan g\u00f6zlemlerin bilginin kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu ilkesine dayal\u0131 bir duyumculu\u011fu benimseyen Condillac, t\u00fcm bilgilerin \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f birer duyum oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015ftur. O, bilginin de \u00f6tesinde, insanda manevi olan her \u015feyi, insan\u0131n t\u00fcm zihinsel faaliyetlerini d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya ili\u015fkin duyuma indirgemi\u015f ve bu tezini kan\u0131tlaman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Condillac\u2019\u0131n \u201cCours d’etude pour l’instruction du prince de Parme\u201d adl\u0131 eseri 1836 y\u0131l\u0131nda ayk\u0131r\u0131 dinsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri nedeniyle Vatikan taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Marquis de Condorcet<\/strong><\/p>\n

1743-1794 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z Ayd\u0131nlanma filozofu, siyaset bilimcisi ve matematik\u00e7isi. \u0130nsan\u0131n yetkinle\u015febilece\u011fine ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonsuza dek ilerleyebilece\u011fine inanan Condorcet, ilerlemeye duydu\u011fu bu inanc\u0131, \u201c\u0130nsan Zekas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130lerlemeleri \u00dczerine Tarihi bir Tablo Tasla\u011f\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde dile getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Condorcet\u2019un bu \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131 1827 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Nicolaus Copernicus (Kopernik)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi G\u00fcne\u015f merkezli evren sistemiyle, Orta\u00e7a\u011f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011fini k\u0131ran ilk at\u0131l\u0131ma \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden, deyim yerindeyse Bilimsel Devrimin teti\u011fini \u00e7eken Polonyal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim insan\u0131. 1473-1543 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Kopernik, \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri \u201cDe revolutionibus orbium coelestium\u201dda (G\u00f6ksel K\u00fcrelerin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fleri \u00dczerine), Batlamyus\u2019un y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k Yer merkezli evren dogmas\u0131nda ilk gedi\u011fi a\u00e7t\u0131. Yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n ilk n\u00fcshas\u0131 Kopernik\u2019e ancak ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son g\u00fcnlerinde hasta yata\u011f\u0131nda ula\u015fabildi.<\/p>\n

\u201cDe revolutionibus\u201dun resmi \u00f6\u011fretiye ters g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 do\u011fal olarak Kilise\u2019yi rahats\u0131z etti. Fakat Katolik Kilisesi Bruno ve Galileo\u2019ya gelene dek yap\u0131ta belirgin bir tepki g\u00f6stermedi. Ama Galileo\u2019nun Engizisyon\u2019a \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131p Kopernik sistemini reddetmeye zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1616 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cDe revolutionibus\u201d da Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu. Fakat tam olarak yasaklanmad\u0131; baz\u0131 c\u00fcmlelerinde \u201cd\u00fczeltme\u201d yap\u0131lmas\u0131 istendi. Bu \u201cd\u00fczeltmeler\u201d Francesco Ingoli taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131nca eser 1620\u2019de Liste\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Fakat \u201cDe revolutionibus\u201d hi\u00e7bir zaman bu \u201cd\u00fczeltme\u201dlerle yay\u0131nlanmad\u0131. 1758\u2019de Papa Benedict XIV, orijinal (yani de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemi\u015f) metni de Liste\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Benedetto Croce<\/strong><\/p>\n

1866-1952 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u0130talyan filozoflar\u0131ndan, estetik tarihinin en \u00f6nemli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden biri. \u0130dealist felsefeyi benimsemi\u015ftir. Klasik romantik felsefenin rasyonalizmini \u00f6rnek alan bir tin felsefesi geli\u015ftirmi\u015f ve tinin tek ger\u00e7ek oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015f olan Croce\u2019ye g\u00f6re, ten kendisini diyalektik bir bi\u00e7imde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve eylem olarak iki basamakta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Bunlardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve eylem basamaklar\u0131 da kendi i\u00e7lerinde ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, birinci basamak sezgi, sezgisel bilgi ya da sanat, ikincisi mant\u0131ksal bilgi ya da mant\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cStoria d\u2019Europa nel secolo decimonono\u201d adl\u0131 eseri Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne al\u0131nan Croce\u2019nin, 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda da b\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Jean le Rond d\u2019Alembert<\/strong><\/p>\n

1717-1783 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Frans\u0131z matematik\u00e7i, fizik\u00e7i, mekanik\u00e7i ve filozof. Denis Diderot ile birlikte Ansiklopedi\u2019nin edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapt\u0131. Ayd\u0131nlanma ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye en yak\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden biriydi. Diferansiyel denklemler alan\u0131nda kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan \u00e7ok say\u0131da teoremi vard\u0131r. Genel matemati\u011fin kurucular\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

D\u2019Alembert\u2019in \u201cMelanges de litterature, d\u2019histoire et de philosophie\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 1767 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Paul Thyry (Baron) d\u2019Holbach<\/strong><\/p>\n

1723-1789 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Alman as\u0131ll\u0131 Frans\u0131z yazar, Ayd\u0131nlanma filozofu ve Ansiklopedist. T\u00fcm dinsel dogmalar\u0131n birer zorbal\u0131k arac\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca yap\u0131t\u0131 \u201cDo\u011fa Dizgesi\u201dnde maddeci ve mekanik\u00e7i felsefesini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Ona g\u00f6re ruh ve madde tek bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin iki ayr\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc, hareket de maddenin zorunlu bir a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1775-1837 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn eserleri Kilise taraf\u0131ndan Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Erasmus Darwin<\/strong><\/p>\n

1731-1802 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u0130ngiliz do\u011fa filozofu, fizik\u00e7i, fizyolog, botanik\u00e7i, mucit ve \u015fair. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f sanayici ve filozoflar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Lunar Cemiyeti\u2019nin kurucular\u0131ndan olan Erasmus Darwin, Evrim Kuram\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ortaya atan Charles Darwin\u2019in de b\u00fcy\u00fckbabas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Erasmus Darwin\u2019in organik ya\u015fam\u0131n yasalar\u0131n\u0131 irdeledi\u011fi en \u00f6nemli bilimsel eseri \u201cZo\u00f6nomia\u201c, 1817 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Daniel Defoe<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cRobinson Crusoe\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131yla tan\u0131nan \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130ngiliz yazar ve gazeteci (1660-1731). \u00c7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler ve tehlikelerle dolu bir ya\u015fam ge\u00e7irdi. 1685\u2019te \u0130ngiltere kral\u0131 II. James\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan ayaklanmaya kat\u0131ld\u0131. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerinde t\u00fcccarl\u0131k, fabrikat\u00f6rl\u00fck, devlet memurlu\u011fu ve hatta casusluk yapt\u0131. 40 ya\u015f\u0131nda gazetecilikte karar k\u0131ld\u0131, bundan birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra da roman yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasal yergi kitap\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131ndaki sert tutumu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bir\u00e7ok kez hapse girdi. \u201cRobinson Crusoe\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi olumlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sav\u0131yla sert ele\u015ftirilere u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daniel Defoe\u2019nun \u201cPolitical history of the devil, as well ancient as modern\u201d adl\u0131 eseri 1743 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Ren\u00e9 Descartes<\/strong><\/p>\n

1591-1650 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131n\u00adda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, modern felsefenin kurucusu olarak \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015f Frans\u0131z filozof ve matematik\u00e7i. Yeni bir do\u011fa ve insan anlay\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemlerinin yeni ba\u015ftan olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu bir \u00e7a\u011fda, bilimlere bir temel kazand\u0131rmay\u0131 ve ruhla bede\u00adni, tinsel olanla fiziki olan\u0131, geleneksel dini \u00f6\u011fretilerle de yeni bilim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc uzla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilimlerini yeni ba\u015ftan in\u015fa etmeyi kendisine bir ama\u00e7 ola\u00adrak belirlemi\u015ftir. Modern felsefenin ve analitik geometrinin kurucusu olan Descartes i\u00e7in de, Bacon\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi, ama\u00e7 do\u011fay\u0131 egemenlik alt\u0131na almakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan ancak o zaman mutlu olabilir. Fakat do\u011fa, skolasti\u011fin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilerle egemenlik alt\u0131na al\u0131namaz.<\/p>\n

Descartes\u2019\u0131n hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn eserleri 1663 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kilise taraf\u0131ndan Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Denis Diderot<\/strong><\/p>\n

1713-1784 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan, Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden Frans\u0131z yazar ve filozof. Ansiklopedi\u2019nin ba\u015f edit\u00f6r\u00fcyd\u00fc. Ansiklopedi\u2019nin 8-18 ciltleri, 1-7 ciltlerindeki bilgiler \u00fczerine kiliseden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepki ile yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u201cFilozof\u00e7a D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 da mahkeme karar\u0131yla yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Edebiyat alan\u0131nda da bir\u00e7ok yap\u0131t\u0131 bulunan Diderot\u2019nun ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6zelli\u011fi romanlar\u0131 \u015fekil ve i\u00e7eri\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, felsefi olarak da incelemesiydi. Romantizm ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc ve h\u00fcmanist olan Diderot; zengin kiliseler kontrol\u00fcnde bir end\u00fcstri olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k dinini reddetmi\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dincinin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Diderot\u2019nun \u201cJacques le fataliste et son maetre\u201d (Kaderci Jacques ve Efendisi) adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc roman\u0131 1804 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Alexandre Dumas (baba ve o\u011ful)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baba Alexandre Dumas (1802-1870), romantik ak\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca yazarlar\u0131ndan say\u0131lan \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z romanc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cMonte Kristo Kontu\u201d, \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Silah\u015forlar\u201d, \u201cSiyah Lale\u201d ve \u201cDemir Maske\u201d gibi tarihi romanlar\u0131yla tan\u0131n\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u00fcze yak\u0131n macera roman\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O\u011ful Alexandre Dumas (1824-1895) da babas\u0131n\u0131n yolundan gitmi\u015f ve o da \u00fcnl\u00fc bir romanc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u201cKamelyal\u0131 Kad\u0131n\u201d en \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Baba ve o\u011ful Dumas\u2019lar da Kilise\u2019nin gazab\u0131ndan kurtulamad\u0131. Baba Dumas\u2019n\u0131n \u201cOmnes fabulae amatoriae\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 1863\u2019te, o\u011ful Dumas\u2019n\u0131n \u201cLa Question du divorce\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 1880\u2019de Katolik \u00f6\u011fretisine ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gustave Flaubert<\/strong><\/p>\n

1821-1880 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatan Frans\u0131z romanc\u0131. En \u00fcnl\u00fc roman\u0131 olan \u201cMadame Bovary\u201d 1856\u2019da yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yazar ve yay\u0131nc\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa te\u015fvik su\u00e7undan dava a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. \u201cMadame Bovary\u201d bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan birisi olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

Gustave Flaubert\u2019in \u201cMadame Bovary\u201d ve \u201cSalammbo\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131tlar\u0131 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda dinsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Charles Fourier<\/strong><\/p>\n

1772-1837 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z \u00fctopik sosyalist ve filozof. Fourier, 1808\u2019de kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesinin b\u00fct\u00fcn sosyal ilerlemenin ana ilkesi oldu\u011funu iddia etti. Ayr\u0131ca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleriyle 1855\u2019ten 1860\u2019a kadar s\u00fcren La Reunion ve 1841`den 1856\u2019ya kadar s\u00fcren North American Phalanx kom\u00fcnist topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n kurulu\u015funa kaynakl\u0131k etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Fourier\u2019nin \u201cLe nouveau monde industriel et societaire\u201d adl\u0131 eseri 1835 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Anatole France<\/strong><\/p>\n

1844-1924 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u00e7\u0131. Klasik gelene\u011fin \u00f6nde gelen temsilcileri aras\u0131nda kabul edilir. Edebiyat\u0131n her t\u00fcr\u00fcnde eserler veren yazar, 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda edebiyat dal\u0131nda Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Anatole France\u2019\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn eserleri 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vatikan taraf\u0131ndan Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Frederick II (Prusya kral\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Frederic\u201d ad\u0131yla da tan\u0131nan Prusya kral\u0131. 1712-1786 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131. Babas\u0131 Wilhelm I\u2019in iste\u011fi ile askeri e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, edebiyat ve felsefeye b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi duydu. Bir ordu d\u00fczenleyicisi ve komutan olarak da \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. Kral Frederic dinsel ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden yanayd\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli H\u0131ristiyan mezheplerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Musevi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara da ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcyle yakla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur. Frederic II\u2019nin Machiavelli\u2019ye bir reddiye yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bilinir.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 Prusya kral\u0131n\u0131n \u201cOeuvres de philosophie de Sans-Souci\u201d adl\u0131 eseri 1760 y\u0131l\u0131nda Papal\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galileo Galilei<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilimsel Devrimin simgesi, modern bilimin babas\u0131 say\u0131lan \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130talyan bilgin (1564-1642). Galileo ayn\u0131 zamanda, G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli sistem i\u00e7in Kilise\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadele ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne de \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemize b\u00fcy\u00fck bir katk\u0131s\u0131 da, deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile matemati\u011fi birle\u015ftirmesi, b\u00f6ylece bilimsel y\u00f6ntemi bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda i\u015flemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kendi yap\u0131p g\u00f6\u011fe \u00e7evirdi\u011fi teleskopu, deyim yerindeyse dinsel dogmalar\u0131n giyotini gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galileo 1616 y\u0131l\u0131nda Engizisyon \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131 ve bundan b\u00f6yle Kopernik sistemini savunmamaya zorland\u0131. Bir s\u00fcre k\u00f6\u015fesine \u00e7ekilen Galileo, dostu Kardinal Barberini\u2019nin papal\u0131k makam\u0131na gelmesiyle y\u00fcreklenerek suskunlu\u011funu bozdu. \u201cD\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0130ki B\u00fcy\u00fck Sistemi \u00dczerine Diyalog\u201d adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. 1632 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan kitapta, bir yandan G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli sistemin do\u011frulu\u011fu birtak\u0131m ince tart\u0131\u015fmalarla kan\u0131tlan\u0131rken, \u00f6te yandan resmi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fle alttan alta alay edilir. Etkili bir dille kaleme al\u0131nan kitap, beklenmeye bir ilgi toplar ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n her \u00fclkesinden okuyucu bulur. Bu ilgi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda k\u00f6p\u00fcren Kilise yeniden harekete ge\u00e7er, Galileo bir kez daha Engizisyon \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r. Ya\u015fl\u0131 ve hasta bilgin h\u00fccreye at\u0131l\u0131r ve fikirlerinden vazge\u00e7meye zorlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galileo\u2019nun bu \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131 1633 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konur ve 1822\u2019ye kadar Liste\u2019de kal\u0131r. Galileo, ev hapsinde tutuldu\u011fu ve g\u00f6rme yetisini yitirdi\u011fi son y\u0131llar\u0131nda da bo\u015f durmaz. Hareket \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren en b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131t\u0131 \u201c\u0130ki Yeni Bilim \u00dczerine Diyalog\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlar ve dostlar\u0131n\u0131n arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Hollanda\u2019da yay\u0131mlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Edward Gibbon<\/strong><\/p>\n

1737-1794 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7i ve politikac\u0131. En \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u201cRoma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Gerileyi\u015f ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f Tarihi\u201d, 1776-1788 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda alt\u0131 cilt halinde bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap genellikle yaz\u0131m kalitesi, ironisi, birincil kaynak olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f dini yermesiyle bilinir.<\/p>\n

Gibbon\u2019un bu \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131 1783 y\u0131l\u0131nda dinsel \u00f6\u011fretiye ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Andr\u00e9 Gide<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u00e7\u0131 (1869-1951). Ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca toplumsal ve bireysel ahlak\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn, bireyin i\u00e7tenli\u011fi ve kendisini tan\u0131mas\u0131 oldu\u011funu savundu. Edebi, siyasal ve toplumsal sorunlara kar\u015f\u0131 ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc bir tutum benimsedi. Genel ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin savunucusu oldu. Ama ayn\u0131 zamanda 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli h\u00fcmanist ve ahlak\u00e7\u0131 yazar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerindeki b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck ve soyluluk, \u00fcslubundaki ar\u0131l\u0131k ve uyumla Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n sayg\u0131n isimleri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. Sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye de ilgi duyan Gide, 1925\u2019te Frans\u0131z Ekvator Afrikas\u0131\u2019na gitti. Burada g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinden de etkilendi. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi ele\u015ftiren yaz\u0131lar yazd\u0131. 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cKalpazanlar\u201d Gide\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli eserlerinden biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Andre Gide\u2019nin b\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 1948-1952 aras\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019nde yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hugo Grotius<\/strong><\/p>\n

1583-1645 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve do\u011fal hukuk \u00f6\u011fretisiyle \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015f olan \u00fcnl\u00fc Hollandal\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Descartes\u2019\u0131n bilgi alan\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u015feyi, hukuk alan\u0131nda yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, nas\u0131l ki modern felsefenin kurucusu olan Descartes, ku\u015fku yoluyla bilgiyi teolojik-skolastik cendereden kurtararak \u00f6zneden yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ysa, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Grotius da hukuku, Tanr\u0131 iradesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve nesnel bir kurum olarak \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Grotius\u2019un hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn eserleri Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Heinrich Heine<\/strong><\/p>\n

y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck Alman \u015fairlerinden biri (1797-1856). 1831 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Paris\u2019e giden Heine, Saint Simon\u2019un \u00fctopik sosyalist fikirleriyle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i ve s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z toplum d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini benimsedi. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 Paris\u2019te ge\u00e7irdi. Fakat Alman iktidar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmekten de geri durmad\u0131. \u201cAlmanya: Bir K\u0131\u015f Masal\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 eserini yazd\u0131. 1844\u2019de arkada\u015f\u0131 Karl Marx bu yap\u0131t\u0131 gazetesinde makaleler halinde yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Yap\u0131tlar\u0131 Almanya\u2019da yasakland\u0131. Bir kitab\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duydu\u011funda, \u201cE\u011fer bir yerde kitaplar\u0131 yak\u0131yorlarsa, orada eninde sonunda insanlar\u0131 da yakacaklard\u0131r\u201d demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Heinrich Heine\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131da yap\u0131t\u0131, 1833 ve 1836 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kilise taraf\u0131ndan Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Claude-Adrien Helvetius<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayd\u0131nlanma ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden Frans\u0131z filozof ve edebiyat\u00e7\u0131 (1715-1771). Duyumcu-maddeci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc benimsedi. Ansiklopedi\u2019nin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na katk\u0131 yapt\u0131. \u201cRuh \u00dczerine\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 Krall\u0131k Meclisi ve Paris Parlamentosu taraf\u0131ndan mahk\u00fbm edildi. Hazz\u0131 ve ac\u0131y\u0131 inceleyen Helvetius, insan zihninin herkeste ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu, de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlerin e\u011fitimle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Ona g\u00f6re iyilik ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck g\u00f6reli \u015feylerdi. Bilgilerimizin duyumlar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu belirtti. Tam anlam\u0131yla bir tanr\u0131tan\u0131maz olan filozofa g\u00f6re, din zorbal\u0131ktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

\u201cDe I\u2019Homme, de ses Facultes \u0130ntellectuelles et de Son Education\u201d (\u0130nsan, \u0130nsan\u0131n Zihin Yetileri ve E\u011fitimi \u00dczerine) adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131 1774 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

Thomas Hobbes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 siyaset felsefesinin ba\u015fucu kitab\u0131 olan \u201cLeviathan\u201d\u0131n yazar\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130ngiliz filozofu (1588-1679). Thomas Hobbes felsefede materyalizmi, etikte haz ahlak\u0131n\u0131, siyasette monar\u015fiyi benimsemi\u015ftir. Leviathan, Tevrat\u2019ta ge\u00e7en bir canavar\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r ve Hobbes\u2019ta her\u015feye egemen olan devletin simgesidir.<\/p>\n

Francis Bacon\u2019\u0131n empirizminden etkilenen Hobbes\u2019a g\u00f6re d\u00fcnya mekanik hareket yasalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen cisimlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130nsan ve hayvan bu b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n fiziksel ve ruhsal ya\u015famlar\u0131 da t\u00fcm\u00fcyle mekanik hareket yasalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan d\u00fcnyada ruh, melek, tanr\u0131 diye bir \u015fey yoktur. Bunlar imgelemin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Hobbes\u2019a g\u00f6re evrende t\u00f6z (cevher) olarak yaln\u0131zca madde vard\u0131r. Felsefenin konusunu bu madde ve maddenin bi\u00e7im alm\u0131\u015f bir durumu olan cisimler olu\u015fturur. Cisimler de ancak g\u00f6zlem ve deney yoluyla incelenir. Maddenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalanlar -tanr\u0131, ruh gibi- ise ilahiyata ait inan\u00e7 konular\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Thomas Hobbes\u2019un b\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 1649-1703 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019nde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Victor Hugo<\/strong><\/p>\n

1802-1885 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z yazar, \u015fair ve devlet adam\u0131. Ate\u015fli bir demokrasi ve cumhuriyet yanl\u0131s\u0131 olarak imparatorluk rejimini ele\u015ftiren yap\u0131tlar yazd\u0131. 1848 Devrimi\u2019nden sonra parlamento \u00fcyeli\u011fine se\u00e7ildi. 3. Napoleon\u2019un h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesini engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ba\u015faramay\u0131nca 1851 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bel\u00e7ika\u2019ya ka\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131. Fransa\u2019da Cumhuriyet yeniden kurulunca Paris\u2019e d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Ulusal Meclise se\u00e7ildi. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ezilmesinden sonra kom\u00fcnc\u00fclerin ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131ysa da sonu\u00e7 alamad\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011findeyken \u015fu s\u00f6zleri sarf etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir: \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019ya inan\u0131yorum, ahirete inan\u0131yorum; fakat hi\u00e7bir kilise papaz\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131mda istemiyorum. Beni seven b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya insanlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fclden dualar\u0131n\u0131 bekliyorum. Bu benim i\u00e7in kafidir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Victor Hugo\u2019nun en \u00f6nemli iki eserinden \u201cNotre-Dame de Paris\u201d (Paris\u2019in Notredame Kilisesi) 1834 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u201cLes miserables\u201d (Sefiller) 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne kondu.<\/p>\n

David Hume<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130sko\u00e7 filozof, ekonomist ve tarih\u00e7i (1711-1776). Hume\u2019a g\u00f6re, \u2018bilgi\u2019nin g\u00f6revi, \u2018varl\u0131k\u2019\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak de\u011fil, pratik hayata k\u0131lavuzluk etmektir. Varl\u0131k hakk\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn kanaatler deneyden gelir. Din felsefesi alan\u0131nda ise, Hume, evren d\u00fczenindeki nedenlerin ak\u0131l d\u00fczenini and\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmekle birlikte, b\u00fct\u00fcn teolojik ve felsefi tanr\u0131 doktrinlerini reddetmi\u015f, dinin ahlak ve uygar ya\u015fam \u00fczerindeki k\u00f6t\u00fc etkilerinden s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir. Hume\u2019un ku\u015fkuculu\u011fu, burjuvazinin faydac\u0131 ve ak\u0131lc\u0131 d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Hume\u2019un agnostisizmi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f idealizm \u00fczerinde bir hayli etki yapmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, yeni-pozitivizmin ideolojik kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. En \u00f6nemli yap\u0131t\u0131 \u201c\u0130nsan Do\u011fas\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir \u0130nceleme\u201ddir.<\/p>\n

David Hume\u2019un b\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 dine ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle 1761-1827 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Immanuel Kant<\/strong><\/p>\n

1724-1804 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Alman filozof ve bilgin. Klasik Alman idealizminin kurucusudur. Bir siyaset kuramc\u0131s\u0131 olmaktan \u00f6nce bir bilgi kuramc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Kant\u2019\u0131n Ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendine \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr; Frans\u0131z Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoktur. Devrim fikriyle \u00e7eli\u015fen tutucu felsefesi \u00f6zellikle insan\u0131n usunu \u00f6zg\u00fcrce kullanmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kant kozmoloji alan\u0131yla da ilgilenmi\u015f, bulutsu hipotezini form\u00fcle etmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re gezegenler sistemi temel bir bulutsudan olu\u015fmu\u015f ve geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Kant, \u00fczerinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z D\u00fcnyan\u0131n da dahil oldu\u011fu Samanyolu\u2019ndan ba\u015fka, bir B\u00fcy\u00fck Samanyollar\u0131 Evreni\u2019nin varoldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin bir hipotez de geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn med ve cezir hareketleri nedeniyle geri kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden teoriyi ve hareket ile ataletin g\u00f6relili\u011fi teorisini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Evrenin ve D\u00fcnyan\u0131n do\u011fal geli\u015fmesi hakk\u0131ndaki materyalist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ile ba\u011fda\u015fan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar diyalekti\u011fin \u015fekillenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kant\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131t\u0131 \u201cKritik der reinen Vernunft\u201d (Saf Akl\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisi), 1827 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Nikos Kazantzakis<\/strong><\/p>\n

1885-1957 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan, uluslaras\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc sahibi \u00fcnl\u00fc Yunanl\u0131 yazar ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u00d6zellikle \u201cG\u00fcnaha Son \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda \u0130ncil\u2019den al\u0131nt\u0131lar yaparak asl\u0131nda \u0130ncil\u2019in romanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halini sunan Kazantzakis, Vatikan\u2019\u0131n \u015fim\u015feklerini \u00fczerine \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi benimseyen Kazantzakis\u2019in di\u011fer \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131tlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u201cZorba\u201d, \u201cYeniden \u00c7arm\u0131ha Gerilen \u0130sa\u201d ve \u201cEl Greco\u2019ya Mektup\u201d say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Kazantzakis\u2019in \u201cG\u00fcnaha Son \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Johannes Kepler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilimsel Devrim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck ismi, \u201cAstronominin Prensi\u201d unvanl\u0131 Alman as\u0131ll\u0131 bilgin (1571-1630). Kepler\u2019e gelinceye dek Kopernik sistemine dayanaks\u0131z bir hipotez ya da i\u015fe yarar matematiksel bir ara\u00e7 g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131yordu. Kepler, sistemin kimi d\u00fczeltmelerle bilimsel do\u011frulu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamakla kalmad\u0131, astronomiye mekanik bir kimlik kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Daha \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7 yasas\u0131yla bilinen Kepler, uzay fizi\u011finde sonraki kimi \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar\u0131n ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da ortaya koymu\u015ftu. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda eylemsizlik ilkesiyle \u00e7ekim kavram\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n

Dinsel dogmalar\u0131 yerle bir eden Kopernik sistemini ete kemi\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcren Kepler de do\u011fal olarak Kilise\u2019nin tepkisini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. \u201cAstronomia Nova\u201d (Yeni Astronomi), \u201cEpitome Astronomiae Copernicanae\u201d (Kopernik Astronomisinin \u00d6zeti) ve \u201cHarmonice Mundi\u201d (D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n Uyumu) adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131tlar\u0131 1619 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Jean de La Fontaine<\/strong><\/p>\n

1621-1695 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan ve fabl eserleriyle tan\u0131nan \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z \u015fair ve yazar. Eserlerinde sadelik ve a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Konu\u015fma \u015feklinde ak\u0131c\u0131 \u015fiirleri, hayvanlar \u00fczerinde tenkitleri, incitmeden i\u011fneleme usulleri ile Frans\u0131z ve d\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck eserler kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

La Fontaine\u2019in \u201cContes et nouvelles en vers\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 da 1703-1804 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019nde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

John Locke<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc \u0130ngiliz materyalist filozof (1632-1704). Locke\u2019un eserlerinin yay\u0131nlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 Restorasyon d\u00f6nemine rastlar. Locke, filozof, iktisat\u00e7\u0131 ve siyasi yazar olarak s\u0131n\u0131f ve parti m\u00fccadelelerine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca eseri \u201cAn Essay Concerning Human Understanding\u201dde (\u0130nsan\u0131n Anlama Yetisi \u00dczerine Bir Deneme) bir materyalist ampirik bilgi teorisi geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Locke\u2019a g\u00f6re, b\u00fct\u00fcn fikirlerimizin biricik kayna\u011f\u0131 deneyimler ve duyumlard\u0131r. Siyaset felsefesi alan\u0131nda Locke, \u201cdevletin amac\u0131, emek sayesinde elde edilen h\u00fcrriyet ve m\u00fclkiyeti korumakt\u0131r\u201d der. Locke\u2019un devlet doktrini, \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki 1688 burjuva devriminin ve burjuvazi ile aristokrasinin burjuvala\u015fm\u0131\u015f kesimi aras\u0131ndaki uzla\u015fman\u0131n sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u015feklinin teorisini kurma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Locke\u2019un \u201cAn essay concerning humane understanding\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 1734\u2019te, \u201cThe reasonableness of christianity\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 da 1737\u2019de Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Martin Luther<\/strong><\/p>\n

Reform hareketinin \u00fcnl\u00fc lideri, Protestanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurucusu (1483-1546). 16.-17. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Almanya\u2019n\u0131n manevi hayat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn alanlar\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur. \u0130ncil\u2019i \u00e7evirmi\u015f ve bu \u00e7eviri Alman dilinin kurulmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Il\u0131ml\u0131 bir reformdan yana olan Luther, Kilise adamlar\u0131n\u0131n Tanr\u0131 ile kul aras\u0131ndaki arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir. Luther\u2019e g\u00f6re dinsel ger\u00e7ek, \u201ckutsal gelene\u011fe\u201d, papal\u0131k yarg\u0131lar\u0131na de\u011fil, \u0130ncil\u2019e dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1518 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma\u2019da Luther\u2019in fikirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 bir papal\u0131k davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bu engizisyon davas\u0131nda Luther g\u0131yab\u0131nda yarg\u0131land\u0131. Papa her ne kadar afaroz ettiyse de Luther, afaroznameyi halk aras\u0131nda yakt\u0131. \u0130mparator Maximillian onu heretik (dinden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, sapk\u0131n) ilan etti. Luther, su\u00e7lamalara cevap vermek \u00fczere Roma\u2019ya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131. Ama o, Roma\u2019ya gitmek yerine, Augsburg\u2019ta Kardinal Cajetan\u2019a ifade vermeyi tercih etti. Cajetan ondan fikirlerinden ve Kilise\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mesini isteyince, Luther, Wittenberg\u2019e d\u00f6nd\u00fc. 15 Haziran 1520 g\u00fcn\u00fc Papa X. Leo, Luther\u2019i bir bildiriyle aforoz etti. Ekim ay\u0131nda papal\u0131k bildirisi Luther\u2019in eline ge\u00e7ti ama Erfurt \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki \u00f6\u011frencileri onu par\u00e7alay\u0131p suya att\u0131. 1521 y\u0131l\u0131nda Luther bu sefer de \u0130mparator V. Charles taraf\u0131ndan Worms Kurulu\u2019na ifade vermek \u00fczere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131. Burada kendisinden yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kitaplardaki heretik fikirlerinden vazge\u00e7mesi istendi. Luther \u015f\u00f6yle bir ifade verdi: \u201cKutsal Metinler ve ak\u0131l yoluyla ikna edilmedi\u011fim s\u00fcrece papalar ve konsillerin otoritesini kabul edemem. Zira bunlar kendi aralar\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u015fmekte ve benim vicdan\u0131m da sadece Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sebeple hi\u00e7bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmden d\u00f6nm\u00fcyorum \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ki\u015finin vicdan\u0131na ra\u011fmen yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ink\u00e2r etmesi do\u011fru ve g\u00fcvenilir olmaz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Luther 1525\u2019teki b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda hakim s\u0131n\u0131flardan yana olmu\u015ftur. Marx \u015f\u00f6yle yazar: \u201cLuther, Tanr\u0131ya imana dayanan k\u00f6leli\u011fi, onun yerine Tanr\u0131ya inanmaya dayanan k\u00f6leli\u011fi getirerek fethetmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Luther\u2019in yap\u0131tlar\u0131, 1517-1521 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Roma Katolik Kilisesinin Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019nde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Niccolo Machiavelli<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130talyan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr, siyaset bilimcisi, askeri stratejist ve yazar (1469-1527). Machiavelli\u2019e g\u00f6re toplum, Tanr\u0131n\u0131n iradesiyle de\u011fil do\u011fal nedenlerle geli\u015fir. Tarihin itici g\u00fc\u00e7leri, maddi \u00e7\u0131kar ve g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Machiavelli, halk kitlelerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ile y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir. Machiavelli, y\u00f6neticilerin giri\u015ftikleri iktidar m\u00fccadelesinde zul\u00fcm ve ihanetin de kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rarak, siyasi m\u00fccadelede her t\u00fcrl\u00fc araca ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131n\u0131n mubah oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Marx\u2019\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle, Machiavelli\u2019in tarihteki yeri, kendisinin ilk defa devlete insan g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakan ve ilahiyat yerine ak\u0131l ve deneyimden hareket ederek devlet yasalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten kimse olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Antonio Gramsci ise onu \u201cerken gelmi\u015f Jakoben\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar. En \u00f6nemli yap\u0131t\u0131 \u201cIl Principe\u201ddir (Prens).<\/p>\n

Machiavelli\u2019nin \u201cIl Principe\u201d ve \u201cDiscorsi\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131tlar\u0131 1555 y\u0131l\u0131nda Papal\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanm\u0131\u015f ve 1559\u2019daki ilk Liste\u2019de yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Maurice Maeterlinck<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 yazar (1862-1949). Edebiyatta sembolizm ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen temsilcileri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm olgusu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00e7aresizli\u011fi temas\u0131na yo\u011funla\u015fan yazar\u0131n en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f eseri, 1892\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan \u201cPell\u00e9as et M\u00e9lisande\u201ddir. 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda edebiyat dal\u0131nda Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Maeterlinck\u2019in b\u00fct\u00fcn eserleri 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nicolas Malebranche<\/strong><\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z idealist filozof (1638-1715). Descartes\u2019\u0131n sistemindeki d\u00fcalizmi, idealist bir a\u00e7\u0131dan a\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Felsefesi esas olarak dini bir felsefedir. Ona g\u00f6re, Tanr\u0131, sadece e\u015fyan\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi de kendinde bulundurur. B\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fmelerin biricik nedeni Tanr\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli m\u00fcdahalesidir.<\/p>\n

Malebranche\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri Katolik \u00f6\u011fretiye ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulunmu\u015f ve hemen hemen t\u00fcm yap\u0131tlar\u0131 1689 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren (baz\u0131lar\u0131 1707 ve 1712 y\u0131l\u0131nda) Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

John Stuart Mill<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz filozof, mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 ve iktisat\u00e7\u0131 (1806-1873). Felsefede Hume7un ve berkeley7in yolundan giden Mill, materyalizm ve idealizmi iki metafizik kutup olarak ele alm\u0131\u015f; maddeyi kesintisiz duyum potansiyeli, zihni de kesintisiz duygu potansiyeli olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mant\u0131k alan\u0131nda mutlak t\u00fcmdengelimcili\u011fin tipik bir temsilcisidir. Etik\u2019te Bentham\u2019\u0131n faydac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015f, ekonomi-politikte de Ricardo\u2019nun emek-de\u011fer teorisi yerine kaba bir \u00fccret-fiyat teorisi getirmi\u015f ve Malthus\u2019un n\u00fcfus teorisini savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Mill\u2019in en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131t\u0131 \u201cPrinciples of Political Economy\u201d (Ekonomi-Politi\u011fin \u0130lkeleri), 1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Michel de Montaigne<\/strong><\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6nemi Frans\u0131z filozofu (1533-1592). Ba\u015fl\u0131ca eseri \u201cDenemeler\u201ddir. Felsefedeki hareket noktalar\u0131ndan biri ku\u015fkuculuktur. Orta\u00e7a\u011flardaki skolastikten, Katolik dogmalardan ve H\u0131ristiyan Tanr\u0131 fikrinden \u015f\u00fcphe eder. Montaigne\u2019de temel ahlak ilkesi, insan\u0131n din taraf\u0131ndan vaat edilen mutlulu\u011fu elini kolunu kavu\u015fturup beklememesidir; insan yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki mutlulu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermek hakk\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Montaigne\u2019in \u201cLes Essais\u201d (Denemeler) adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131 1676 y\u0131l\u0131nda Liste\u2019ye konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Charles de Montesquieu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6neminin \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z toplumbilimci (1689-1755). Eserleri 1789 Frans\u0131z Devrimi liderleri taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mutlak\u0131yet rejimini \u015fiddetle ele\u015ftirmi\u015f, devletin k\u00f6kenini ve kanunlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya, bu do\u011fal temel \u00fczerinde sosyal reform planlar\u0131 yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Montesquieu, me\u015fruti monar\u015fiyi en iyi h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u015fekli olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 teorisini ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ateist olmamakla beraber, kiliseyi ve din adamlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiddetle ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Montesquieu\u2019n\u00fcn en \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan \u201cL\u2019Esprit des Lois\u201d (Kanunlar\u0131n Ruhu) 1751\u2019de, \u201cLettres Persanes\u201d (\u0130ran Mektuplar\u0131) 1762\u2019de Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Blaise Pascal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z matematik\u00e7i ve fizik\u00e7i (1623-1662). Matematikte olas\u0131l\u0131k kuram\u0131n\u0131n kurucular\u0131ndand\u0131r. Pascal\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri \u00e7eli\u015fkilerle dolu bir evrimden ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Do\u011fa bilimlerindeki en \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar\u0131, bilime ve rasyonalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kar\u015f\u0131 olan dinsel fanatizm ve ku\u015fkuculukla birle\u015ftiriyordu. Litvistlerin manevi bask\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015fti\u011fi m\u00fccadele Frans\u0131z toplumunun ilerici kesimi taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Pascal\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131t\u0131 \u201cPensees\u201d, 1789 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Pierre Joseph Proudhon<\/strong><\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z siyaset adam\u0131, filozof, sosyolog ve iktisat\u00e7\u0131 (1809-1865). Anar\u015fizmin kurucular\u0131ndand\u0131r. Proudhon, toplum tarihini, fikirler aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelenin tarihi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. B\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist m\u00fclkiyetini h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k olarak ilan ederken, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fclkiyetin devam ettirilmesini savunur.<\/p>\n

Proudhon\u2019un b\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 1852 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Jean-Jacques Rousseau<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z Ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131s\u0131, filozof, sosyolog, estetik\u00e7i, yazar ve pedagoji kuramc\u0131s\u0131 (1712-1778). Sosyoloji alan\u0131nda radikal bir tutum alan Rousseau, feodal s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini ve despotik rejimi sert bir dille ele\u015ftirir; burjuva demokrasisini, medeni haklar\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan e\u015fit oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunur. Di\u011fer ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131t olarak insan\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan iyi oldu\u011funa inan\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n do\u011fal durumda, yani uygarla\u015fmadan \u00f6nce mutlu oldu\u011funu, uygarla\u015fmayla ve onun getirdi\u011fi m\u00fclkiyetle mutlulu\u011fu elden ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bu durumda, geri d\u00f6n\u00fclemeyece\u011fine g\u00f6re, do\u011fal durumdaki mutlulu\u011fa benzer bir mutlulu\u011fu sa\u011flayacak olan yasa d\u00fczenine ya da toplumsal s\u00f6zle\u015fme d\u00fczenine ge\u00e7mek gerekir. En \u00f6nemli eserleri \u201c\u0130nsanlar Aras\u0131nda E\u015fitsizli\u011fin Kaynaklar\u0131 ve Temelleri \u00dczerine S\u00f6ylev\u201d, \u201cToplum S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d ve \u201cEmile\u201ddir.<\/p>\n

Rousseau\u2019nun ba\u015fta bu eserleri olmak \u00fczere, hemen hemen t\u00fcm eserleri Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Marquis de Sade<\/strong><\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z aristokrat ve felsefe yazar\u0131 (1740-1814). Erotik edebiyat\u0131n \u00f6nemli yazarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r, genellikle sert pornografik yaz\u0131lar yazard\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 29 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 hapishanede, 3 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131l hastanesinde ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir ve en \u00f6nemli eseri \u201cSodom\u2019un 120 G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201dn\u00fc hapishanede yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli eseri de \u201cJustine\u201ddir. Sadizmin k\u00f6keninin onun yazd\u0131klar\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ahlak\u0131, yasay\u0131, dini \u00f6\u011feleri dikkate almadan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (hatta ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131) ve en iyinin zevk oldu\u011funu savunuyordu.<\/p>\n

Sade\u2019\u0131n \u201cJustine\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 1791\u2019de Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Jean-Paul Sartre<\/strong><\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z yazar ve filozof (1905-1980). Felsefi i\u00e7erikli romanlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc olarak geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi Varolu\u015f\u00e7u felsefesiyle de yer etmi\u015f; bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Varolu\u015f\u00e7u Marksizm \u015fekillendirmesi ve siyasetteki etkinlikleriyle 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerden biri olmu\u015ftur. Bir anlat\u0131c\u0131, denemeci, romanc\u0131, filozof ve eylemci olarak yaln\u0131zca Frans\u0131z ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcisi olmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir entelekt\u00fcel tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131n da temsilcisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Sartre\u2019\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 1948-1959 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Benedict Spinoza<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hollandal\u0131 materyalist filozof (1632-1677). \u00d6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Amsterdam\u2019daki Yahudi Sinagogu\u2019ndan aforoz edilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri Bacon ve Descartes gibi, Spinoza da insan\u0131n do\u011fa \u00fczerinde egemenlik kurmas\u0131n\u0131 ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilerlemesini \u2018bilgi\u2019nin ba\u015fl\u0131ca amac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Spinoza, kendisine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden doktrinleri, insan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn zorunluluk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren h\u00fcrriyet kuram\u0131 ile zenginle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Din ve bilim alanlar\u0131nda, ateizmin ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin geli\u015ftirilmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur. Demokratik h\u00fck\u00fcmeti en y\u00fcksek iktidar \u015fekli olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc h\u00fcrriyetle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli eserleri \u201cTractatus Politicus\u201d (Politik \u0130ncelemeler) ve \u201cEthica\u201dd\u0131r (Etik).<\/p>\n

Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n \u201cTractatus Politicus\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 1679\u2019da Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne girmi\u015f, 1690\u2019da da b\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 Liste\u2019ye dahil edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Voltaire<\/strong><\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z yazar, filozof ve tarih\u00e7i (1694-1778). Ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011fa, ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe, bask\u0131ya ve i\u015fkenceye sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f Frans\u0131z Ayd\u0131nlanma hareketinin liderlerinden. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri 1789 Frans\u0131z Devrimine esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Feodalizme kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde herkesin e\u015fitli\u011fini, m\u00fclkiyetten vergi al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u00f6z h\u00fcrriyetini savunmu\u015ftur. Ne var ki, toplumun zenginler ve yoksullar olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikrine dayanarak, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin ele\u015ftirilmesini reddetmi\u015ftir. Voltaire\u2019e g\u00f6re en makul devlet bi\u00e7imi, ayd\u0131n bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen me\u015fruti monar\u015fiydi. Fakat ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru en iyi devlet bi\u00e7iminin cumhuriyet oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lerlemenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Katolik Kilisesi\u2019ni sert bi\u00e7imde ele\u015ftirmi\u015f ve dinsel fanatizmle m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara kar\u015f\u0131n ateizmi kabul etmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Emile Zola<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fransa\u2019da nat\u00fcralizmin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olan \u00fcnl\u00fc yazar (1840-1902). Zola\u2019n\u0131n edebiyat d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u015f\u00f6hreti ise, Dreyfus Davas\u0131\u2019nda tak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayd\u0131n tavr\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda Frans\u0131z ordusunda Yahudi olmas\u0131 nedeniyle askeri yarg\u0131n\u0131n duyars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kurban giden y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Dreyfus\u2019u h\u00fck\u00fcmetin b\u00fct\u00fcn bask\u0131lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen savunan ve Fransa devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131na hitaben \u201c\u0130tham Ediyorum\u201d makalesini yay\u0131nlayan Zola, bask\u0131lardan dolay\u0131 Fransa\u2019y\u0131 terk edip bir s\u00fcre Londra\u2019da ya\u015famak zorunda kald\u0131. \u00c7abalar\u0131 sonucunda Dreyfus Davas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yeniden g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcp adaletin yerini bulmas\u0131 sonucu yurduna d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Emile Zola, 1902 sonbahar\u0131nda, yatak odas\u0131nda duman zehirlenmesinden \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u201cNana\u201d, \u201cGerminal\u201d ve \u201cMeyhane\u201d en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f romanlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Emile Zola\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 1894-1898 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

500 y\u0131ld\u0131r bilim, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, edebiyat alan\u0131nda doru\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekillendirmi\u015f kim varsa yap\u0131tlar\u0131 Vatikan\u2019\u0131n Yasak Kitaplar Listesi\u2019ne konmu\u015f. \u0130\u015fte baz\u0131lar\u0131: Dante, Bacon, Balzac, Simone de Beauvoir, Bruno, Kopernik, Descartes, Diderot, Alexandre Dumas, Prusya Kral\u0131 Freidrich II, Galileo, Helvetius, Hobbes, Hugo, Hume, Kant, Kepler, La Fontaine, Locke, Luther, Machiavelli, Montaigne, Montesquieu, Proudhon, Rousseau, Sade, Sartre, Spinoza, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":672,"featured_media":9203,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[98,38],"tags":[229,600,210],"class_list":["post-9201","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-60-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-din","tag-kilise","tag-kitap"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t