{"id":9264,"date":"2009-07-01T00:30:26","date_gmt":"2009-06-30T21:30:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9264"},"modified":"2017-07-18T09:50:56","modified_gmt":"2017-07-18T06:50:56","slug":"irakin-suya-hasret-topraklari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/07\/01\/irakin-suya-hasret-topraklari","title":{"rendered":"Irak\u2019\u0131n suya hasret topraklar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mezopotamya, Yunanca\u2019da,\u201ciki nehrin aras\u0131nda<\/em>\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Suyun getirdi\u011fi bereket sayesinde be\u015f bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce medeniyetin temelleri bu topraklarda at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ne var ki bug\u00fcnk\u00fc tablo ye\u015fil de\u011fil \u00e7atlam\u0131\u015f topraklar\u0131n k\u0131ra\u00e7 rengini ta\u015f\u0131yor…<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcl Atmaca <\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Saddam H\u00fcseyin rejiminin ard\u0131ndan i\u015fgal g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin postallar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ezilen, mezhep sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en kanl\u0131s\u0131na tan\u0131k olan Irak topraklar\u0131 bu sefer de kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n pen\u00e7esi alt\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015flenmemi\u015f petrol rezervlerinden birisine sahip bu topraklar\u0131n alt\u0131 zengin ama \u00fcst\u00fc i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u015feyi s\u00f6ylemek zor. \u00d6yle ki, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00c7evre Program\u0131 (UNEP), daha 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda verdi\u011fi raporlarda, F\u0131rat ve Dicle \u0131rmaklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u201cA\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Mezopotamya\u201c b\u00f6lgesinin kuruyarak, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7evre felaketinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinden birisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ki ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en bu b\u00f6lge, S\u00fcmerler d\u00f6neminde \u00fcr\u00fcn bollu\u011fuyla bilinen Mezopotamya ovas\u0131yd\u0131. Medeniyetin temellerinden \u00e7o\u011fu burada at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kutsal Kitap\u2019ta \u201cCennet Bah\u00e7esi\u201c olarak ge\u00e7en yerin de burada bulundu\u011fu rivayet edilir. O kadar sava\u015fa, y\u0131k\u0131ma ra\u011fmen \u00fclkenin kuzeyindeki Ninova\u2019dan g\u00fcneydeki Ur kentine kadar bir zamanlar suyla gelen bolluk sayesinde ye\u015feren k\u00fclt\u00fcrden kalan izleri bug\u00fcn \u201csusuz\u201c kalm\u0131\u015f haliyle g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Irak\u2019\u0131n bir zamanlar verimli tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 olan topraklar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6le d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f durumda. Nehirlere bakan tepelerin yemye\u015fil olmas\u0131 gerekirken hepsi k\u0131ra\u00e7. Irak\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde Divaniye\u2019den bir yetkili, \u201c1950\u2019lerde b\u00f6lgede bu\u011fday ihracat\u0131 yapan birka\u00e7 \u00fclkeden biriyken \u015fimdi neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ithal ediyoruz\u201c diye konu\u015fuyor.<\/p>\n

Irak\u2019ta tar\u0131mda ya\u015fanan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n yans\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131 Ba\u011fdat\u2019taki manavlarda g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Karada mahallesindeki bir manav, bir zamanlar Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki bah\u00e7elerden gelen \u00fcr\u00fcnleri satt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, bug\u00fcn ise ABD, Fransa, ve \u015eili\u2019den gelen elmalar\u0131, Suriye ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019den gelen domatesleri, M\u0131s\u0131r ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den gelen portakallar\u0131 satt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Irak\u2019tan ise sadece hurma var. O da susuz b\u00fcy\u00fcyebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

Irak\u2019ta ya\u015fanan kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ana sebepleri aras\u0131nda elbette k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar genel olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck. Fakat, di\u011fer \u00f6nemli bir etken de Irak\u2019\u0131n suyunu ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu nehrin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka topraklarda olmas\u0131. Kom\u015fu \u00fclkeler T\u00fcrkiye, Suriye ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n baraj say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131 ya da daha fazla suyu tutmas\u0131 Irak\u2019\u0131 zor duruma sokuyor. UNEP, F\u0131rat, Dicle vb. nehirlerin suyunun daha adil payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fclkelere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yap\u0131yor. \u00d6te yandan, Irak\u2019\u0131n elindeki suyu daha iyi kullanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi de \u201csu g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez\u201d bir ger\u00e7ek, ancak bunun i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00e7e gerekiyor. D\u00fc\u015fen petrol fiyatlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 veren Irak\u2019\u0131n bunu nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fi ise soru i\u015fareti.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Batakl\u0131k Araplar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Su demi\u015fken, Dicle ve F\u0131rat nehirlerinin Basra K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne d\u00f6k\u00fclmeden \u00f6nce birle\u015fti\u011fi \u015eatt-‘\u00fcl Arap\u2019ta, sulak alanlarda ya\u015fayan \u015eiilere \u201cBatakl\u0131k Araplar\u0131\u201d deniyor. Batakl\u0131k Araplar\u0131 5 bin y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcredir bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015f\u0131yor ve geleneklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n

Fakat do\u011fu batakl\u0131klar\u0131 \u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda (1980-1988) \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara sahne olmu\u015f. Kam\u0131\u015flar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden asker ve polisin kolayca giremedi\u011fi b\u00f6lge, \u00e7ete mensuplar\u0131, isyanc\u0131lar ve ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yer haline gelmi\u015f. Saddam\u2019\u0131n askerleri 1991\u2019deki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015eii isyan\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, batakl\u0131klardaki yerle\u015fim birimlerini bombalam\u0131\u015flar ve b\u00f6lgeye ekonomik yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulanm\u0131\u015f. Bu da yetmemi\u015f olmal\u0131 ki, Saddam, Batakl\u0131k Araplar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alman\u0131n son \u00e7aresi olarak onlar\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 yok etmeye karar vermi\u015f. Sazl\u0131klar kurutulmu\u015f, arazi, Saddam yanl\u0131lar\u0131na verilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Bu olaylardan \u00f6nce say\u0131lar\u0131 250 ila 200 bin aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen Batakl\u0131k Araplar\u0131, zaten Irak halk\u0131 aras\u0131nda en fakir gruplardan birisi. Sald\u0131r\u0131lardan sonra hayatta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015faranlar, Basra, Nas\u0131riye, Amara ve Ba\u011fdat gibi kentlerin kenar mahallelerinde ya\u015fam m\u00fccadelesi vermi\u015fler. Saddam iktidar\u0131 devrilince evlerini yeniden in\u015fa etmek, eskisi gibi bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve manda yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi yapmak \u00fczere b\u00f6lgeye geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015fler. Sazl\u0131klar\u0131 kurutmak i\u00e7in Saddam\u2019\u0131n m\u00fchendisleri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan toprak rampalar y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, g\u00f6l ve nehir yataklar\u0131na yeniden su verilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonuna gelindi\u011finde ise sazl\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00fczde ellisi eski haline gelmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki bu sefer de kurakl\u0131k vurmu\u015f Batakl\u0131k Araplar\u0131n\u0131. Suyun az olmas\u0131, var olan suyun da tuz oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden y\u00fcz\u00fc bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00fclm\u00fcyor b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n. \u00d6yle ki, Nas\u0131riye\u2019ye yak\u0131n kentin valisi \u00e7ok de\u011fil birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar ye\u015fillikler i\u00e7inde olan, kam\u0131\u015f ve papir\u00fcs a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131yla dolu b\u00f6lgenin bug\u00fcn neredeyse tamamen kurudu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, ge\u00e7imleri suya ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Batakl\u0131k Araplar\u0131 bug\u00fcn i\u00e7ecek su bulmakta dahi zorluk \u00e7ekiyorlar.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ekosistem zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun tek b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6l-batakl\u0131k b\u00f6lgesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kuruyarak \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fmesinden sadece insanlar zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fcyor elbette. Buradaki biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve vah\u015fi ya\u015fam da tehlike alt\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7men ku\u015flar\u0131n Sibirya ve G\u00fcney Afrika aras\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli durak yeri olan b\u00f6lgede, say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilen 40 su ku\u015fu t\u00fcr\u00fc de yok olmakla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya.
\nBu arada, son gelen haberlere g\u00f6re sazl\u0131klardaki do\u011fal ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden y\u0131lanlar s\u00fcr\u00fc halinde \u00e7evreye sald\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Y\u0131lanlar, insan, manda, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r ne bulurlarsa sald\u0131r\u0131yorlar. Onlarca ki\u015finin bu y\u00fczden ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi\u011fi bildiriliyor.<\/p>\n

Irak\u2019\u0131n tek sorunu suyun az olmas\u0131 de\u011fil; kanalizasyon, tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131 ve sanayi at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ar\u0131t\u0131lmadan suya b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 suyu kirletiyor. Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta 6 milyon insan\u0131n at\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frudan F\u0131rat ve Dicle\u2019ye ak\u0131yor. Ba\u011fdat d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ise sadece be\u015f aileden birisinin evinde kanalizasyon var.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkenin baz\u0131 yerlerinde F\u0131rat ve Dicle\u2019nin suyu o kadar kirli ki, din adamlar\u0131 mezhepler aras\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda \u00f6len binlerce ki\u015finin cesetlerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 nehirlerden bal\u0131k tutup yemenin haram oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar. \u00c7ocuk \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde mikroplu i\u00e7me suyu \u00f6nemli nedenlerden birisi.<\/p>\n

Irak\u2019\u0131n su sorunu nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr sorusuna \u015fu anda verilebilecek yan\u0131t: kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerin daha fazla suyu serbest b\u0131rakmas\u0131, Irak\u2019\u0131n su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n etkin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in daha fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmas\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mezopotamya, Yunanca\u2019da,\u201ciki nehrin aras\u0131nda\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Suyun getirdi\u011fi bereket sayesinde be\u015f bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce medeniyetin temelleri bu topraklarda at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ne var ki bug\u00fcnk\u00fc tablo ye\u015fil de\u011fil \u00e7atlam\u0131\u015f topraklar\u0131n k\u0131ra\u00e7 rengini ta\u015f\u0131yor… \u00a0 G\u00fcl Atmaca   Saddam H\u00fcseyin rejiminin ard\u0131ndan i\u015fgal g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin postallar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ezilen, mezhep sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en kanl\u0131s\u0131na tan\u0131k olan Irak topraklar\u0131 bu sefer de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":202,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[102,535],"tags":[561],"class_list":["post-9264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-65-sayi","category-forum","tag-forum"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9264","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/202"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9264"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9264\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9264"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9264"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}