Charles Darwin\u2019in (12 \u015eubat 1809 – 19 Nisan 1882) do\u011fumunun iki y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc, bilim ve felsefe ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere hemen t\u00fcm alanlarda \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an eseri \u201cT\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u201dnin (1859) (1) ilk bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz ellinci y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada \u00e7e\u015fitli organizasyonlar tertip edildi.<\/p>\n
Biz de bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara pop\u00fcler bilim tarihimizin tozlu sayfalar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, Darwin ve onun \u201cnazariyesi\u201d (kuram\u0131) hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan bir yaz\u0131y\u0131 burada sizlerle payla\u015farak katk\u0131da bulunmak istiyoruz.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Fen \u00c2lemi<\/em>\u2019nden sonra ikinci pop\u00fcler bilim dergisi olan Tabiat \u00c2lemi<\/em>\u2019nin (Aral\u0131k 1925 – \u015eubat 1927) (2) birinci say\u0131s\u0131nda, \u0130brahim A\u015fki\u2019nin (Tan\u0131k) (3) kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cDarvin Nazariyesi\u201d (s.13-15) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131da Darvin\u2019in ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuramlara dair de\u011ferlendirmeler yap\u0131lmakta.<\/p>\n Yaz\u0131, herhangi bir bibliyografik a\u00e7\u0131klama i\u00e7ermeyen \u201cAmerika\u2019da Darvin nazariyesi aleyhindeki baz\u0131 hareketler \u00fczerine bir makalede bir zat diyor ki:\u201d \u015feklinde ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Bahsedilen makaleden uzun al\u0131nt\u0131larla devam edildikten sonra, al\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda evrim kuram\u0131 ile ilgili yap\u0131lan temel yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klardan birine, \u201cortak ata\u201d kavram\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunuluyor:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2026insan mevcut maymunlar\u0131n birinden gelmemi\u015ftir (\u2026) l\u00e2kin insan ile mevcut maymunlar hayat a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n bir dal\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cAmerikal\u0131 bir zat\u201dtan yap\u0131lan al\u0131nt\u0131lar paleoantropolojik ayr\u0131nt\u0131larla ilerledikten sonra \u015fu paragrafla noktalanmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u201cDarvin (Nesl-i Be\u015fer)\u2019inin yedinci bab\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k diyor ki: simiadae\u2019<\/em>ler sonra iki dala ayr\u0131ld\u0131: yeni d\u00fcnya maymunlar\u0131, eski d\u00fcnya maymunlar\u0131; i\u015fte bu ikinciden pek eski zamanda, \u00e2lemin mucizesi ve mefhareti olan insan zuhur etti.\u201d<\/p>\n Burada \u201cNesl-i Be\u015fer\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eser Darwin\u2019in \u201cThe Descent of Man\u201d, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019sinde daha yayg\u0131n olarak bilinen ad\u0131yla \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi\u201d, adl\u0131 eseridir. \u0130lgin\u00e7 olan nokta, hem \u0130ngilizce hem de T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bask\u0131lar\u0131nda bahsi ge\u00e7en c\u00fcmlenin yedinci de\u011fil alt\u0131nc\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mda olmas\u0131d\u0131r (4).<\/p>\n Al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yazar\u0131n Darvin Nazariyesi ile ilgili tan\u0131m\u0131 gelir:<\/p>\n \u201cDarvin ve hatta daha evvel baz\u0131 tabiat \u00e2limleri nebatlar\u0131n (bitkilerin) hayvanlar\u0131n nevileri (t\u00fcrleri) beynindeki (aras\u0131ndaki) m\u00fcnasebetleri, beden\u00ee ve akl\u00ee s\u0131fatlar\u0131n\u0131, \u0131rs\u00ee, muhit\u00ee\u2026 tesirden ileri gelen tahavv\u00fclleri (de\u011fi\u015fimleri) tetebbu (inceleme) ve cem ederek bu emarelerle nebat ve hayvan nevilerinde esfelden (en a\u015fa\u011f\u0131) \u00e2l\u00e2ya (y\u00fckse\u011fe) do\u011fru bir tertip, tedric\u00ee (dereceli olarak) bir inki\u015faf (geli\u015fme) ve tek\u00e2m\u00fcl (evrim) bulundu\u011funa h\u00fckmetmi\u015f ve nevilerin ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na yarat\u0131lmay\u0131p bir as\u0131ldan ne\u015fet etti\u011fine (kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131na), ilk bir neviden t\u00fcredi\u011fine ve de\u011fi\u015ferek, y\u00fckselerek nihayet insan mertebesine maymundan tek\u00e2m\u00fcl edip geldi\u011fine z\u00e2hib olmu\u015f (san\u0131ya kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) ki do\u011frusunu s\u00f6ylemek laz\u0131m gelirse bu bir mezheptir, ilim lisan\u0131yla bir nazariyedir.\u201d<\/p>\n Yazar\u0131n al\u0131nt\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Amerikal\u0131 zat\u0131n \u00f6zellikle alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi, \u201cmaymundan gelme\u201d karma\u015fas\u0131na kendi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mda da d\u00fc\u015fmesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir durum olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Daha sonra; \u201cDarvin yirmi bir ya\u015f\u0131nda (5) d\u00fcnyay\u0131 dola\u015fmaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vakit tek\u00e2m\u00fcl fikri zihninde do\u011fmu\u015f ve gerek seyahatinde gerek avdetinde (geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde) hep o fikri belleyip b\u00fcy\u00fctmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u201d diyerek Darwin\u2019i, d\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcren me\u015fhur gezisine \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce zihninde bir tak\u0131m \u00f6n kabuller oldu\u011fundan bahseder.<\/p>\n Ancak bug\u00fcn biliyoruz ki Darwin, bu yolculu\u011fu \u0130ncil<\/em>\u2019i, \u00f6zellikle de Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Kitab\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in iyi bir f\u0131rsat olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu (6).<\/p>\n Yaz\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer ilgi \u00e7ekici k\u0131sm\u0131 ise konunun, d\u00f6nemin Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde baz\u0131 eyaletlerin Darvin Nazariyesi\u2019nin okullarda okutulmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen faaliyetlerden, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki yank\u0131lar\u0131na, oradan da Mevl\u00e2na\u2019ya uzanmas\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u201cGe\u00e7enlerde Amerika\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcttehid (birle\u015fik) cumhuriyetlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131nda Darvin nazariyesi mekteplerde g\u00f6sterilmesin diye bir kanun vaz edildi ve buna riayet etmeyen bir muallim muhakemeye \u00e7ekildi. \u0130lm\u00ee ve t\u0131bb\u00ee cemiyetler tek\u00e2m\u00fcl nazariyesini, fikir ve lisan h\u00fcrriyetini m\u00fcdafaa ettiler. H\u00e2lbuki (fundamentalist) denilen tek\u00e2m\u00fcl aleyhtarlar\u0131 yirmiden fazla h\u00fck\u00fcmette fikirlerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyorlar. Bir bardak suda koca bir f\u0131rt\u0131na!<\/p>\n Bu vak\u2019a \u00fczerine bir\u00e7ok profes\u00f6r, muharrir (yazar) ve papazlar\u0131n fikirleri al\u0131n\u0131p ne\u015fredildi (yay\u0131nland\u0131). Bunlardan tek\u00e2m\u00fcle dair yirmi be\u015f sene evvel okudu\u011fum ilk kitab\u0131n m\u00fcellifinin (eser sahibinin) m\u00fctalaas\u0131na da tesad\u00fcf ettim. Bu zat o kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk ba\u015f\u0131na Mesnevi\u2019nin (menazil-i hilkat-\u0131 adem\u00ee) serlevhal\u0131 (ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131) beyitlerinden ondan ziyadesini, \u0130ngilizceye terc\u00fcme olarak katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (\u2026) Filhakika (asl\u0131nda) Mevl\u00e2na, mesnevisiyle b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fark\u0131n m\u00fctefekkirler (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler) tabakas\u0131na as\u0131rlarca muallim ve h\u00e2kim olmu\u015f ve s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc garp \u00e2limlerine de duyurmu\u015f, dinletmi\u015f! (\u2026) Bug\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019da \u0130slam hikmetinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcstad\u0131 Mevl\u00e2na addolunuyor.\u201d<\/p>\n Tek\u00e2m\u00fcl\/Evrim tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Mevl\u00e2na\u2019ya da yer verdikten sonra, asl\u0131nda daha ba\u015ftan yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fcyen bir soru ile ba\u015flay\u0131p: (\u201cYaln\u0131z insan maymundan olur mu, maymun insan olur mu ve nas\u0131l olur gibi sualleri de bir az d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim:\u201d) Darvin Nazariyesi\u2019nin kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalara ge\u00e7mektedir:<\/p>\n – \u201cMaymun kalm\u0131\u015f milyonlarca mahl\u00fbkun i\u00e7inde insan olmaya y\u00fcz tutmu\u015f kimse g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor mu?\u201d<\/p>\n – \u201cMesela koyunda hi\u00e7 y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yoktur, maymunda ise koyunun yumu\u015fakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoktur; insanda ikisi de vard\u0131r. \u015eimdi insan yaln\u0131z maymundan gelirse bu nas\u0131l olur? Sonra maymunlar hep birbirine benzer, koyunlar da \u00f6yle. H\u00e2lbuki \u00c2dem olandan yaln\u0131z koyun gibi olan da vard\u0131r, yaln\u0131z maymun gibi olan da vard\u0131r\u2026 Bu hale g\u00f6re birincilere koyundan, ikincilere maymundan gelmi\u015ftir mi diyelim?\u201d<\/p>\n Mevl\u00e2na\u2019n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 noktalayan yazar, Darvin Nazariyesi ve Tek\u00e2m\u00fcl\/Evrim tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na do\u011fu d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan da bir a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m sunma \u00e7abas\u0131ndad\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u201cGelelim bizim \u00e2limlerimize. Mesela Mevl\u00e2na hazretleri insan i\u00e7in evvela cem\u00e2d (7) iklimine geldi diyor. Demek ki onun nazar\u0131nda bir gelen var ve o, geldi\u011fi iklime g\u00f6re z\u00e2hir (g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr) oluyor. Sonra nebata, nihayet hayvana geldi diyor. (menazil-i hilkat) terkibi de bu hakikati g\u00f6stermiyor mu? Demek ki menziller (duraklar) var, o menzillere n\u00e2zil olan (inen) var\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamayla \u201cAvrupa\u2019da \u0130slam hikmetinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcstad\u0131\u201d olan Mevl\u00e2na\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ile Darwin nazariyesi ve Tek\u00e2m\u00fcl\/Evrim kavramlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki paralelliklere dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Darwin ve onun fikriyat\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n belki de en ilgin\u00e7 yan\u0131 evrimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce hakk\u0131nda Darwin\u2019i ele\u015ftirip, Mevl\u00e2na \u00fczerinden bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirme e\u011filimidir. Yazar\u0131n, d\u00f6nemin bilimsel tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na farkl\u0131 (ve asl\u0131nda daha yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131) felsef\u00ee ak\u0131mlarla yeni a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, bug\u00fcn de bilim d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda eksikli\u011fini \u00e7ekti\u011fimiz bir zenginli\u011fin emaresi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n 1) The Origin of Species<\/p>\n 2) Osman Bahad\u0131r, Cumhuriyetin \u0130lk Bilim Dergileri ve Modernle\u015fme, \u00a0\u0130stanbul: \u0130zd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2001, s:98<\/p>\n 3) K\u0131r\u0131m g\u00f6\u00e7meni bir aileden gelen \u0130brahim A\u015fki Tan\u0131k (1874-1977) \u0130stanbul\u2019da mahalle mektebinden sonra Tophane Fevziye R\u00fc\u015ftiyesini bitirdi. 1885\u2019te girdi\u011fi Mekteb-i Bahriye-i \u015eahane\u2019nin makine b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 1891\u2019de mezun oldu. 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda emekliye ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu okuldaki t\u00f6renlere y\u0131llarca \u201cEn Eski Bahriyeli\u201d olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n 4) Bahsi ge\u00e7en k\u0131s\u0131m \u0130ngilizce asl\u0131nda \u015fu \u015fekilde yer almaktad\u0131r: \u201cThe Simiadae then branched off into two great stems, the New World and Old World monkeys; and from the latter, at a remote period, Man, the wonder and glory of the Universe, proceeded.\u201d (Charles Darwin, The Descent Of Man, New York: D.Appleton Company, 1872, Chapter VI, s.204-205)<\/p>\n \u00d6ner \u00dcnalan\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evirisinde ise \u015f\u00f6yle ge\u00e7mektedir: \u201c\u0130nsans\u0131maymungiller de iki b\u00fcy\u00fck dala, Yeni D\u00fcnya ve Eski D\u00fcnya maymunlar\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve sonunculardan, \u00e7ok uzak bir d\u00f6nemde, evrenin mucizesi ve \u00f6v\u00fcncesi olan insan t\u00fcremi\u015ftir.\u201d (Charles Darwin, \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi, Ankara: Onur Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1978, B\u00f6l\u00fcm Alt\u0131, s. 236)<\/p>\n 5) Beagle Yolculu\u011fu\u2019na (27 Aral\u0131k 1831 \u2013 2 Ekim 1836) \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Darwin 22 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n 6) Alan Moorehead, Darwin ve Beagle Ser\u00fcveni, \u0130stanbul: T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Pop\u00fcler Bilim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 \u2013 Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1999, s. 20<\/p>\n 7) Cans\u0131z, kurak yer<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Cemil Ozan Ceyhan<\/strong> \/ \u0130stanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Charles Darwin\u2019in (12 \u015eubat 1809 – 19 Nisan 1882) do\u011fumunun iki y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc, bilim ve felsefe ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere hemen t\u00fcm alanlarda \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an eseri \u201cT\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u201dnin (1859) (1) ilk bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz ellinci y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada \u00e7e\u015fitli organizasyonlar tertip edildi. Biz de bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara pop\u00fcler bilim tarihimizin tozlu sayfalar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, Darwin ve onun \u201cnazariyesi\u201d (kuram\u0131) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":771,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[107,535,222],"tags":[619],"class_list":["post-9289","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-70-sayi","category-forum","category-tarih","tag-mevlana"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t