{"id":9291,"date":"2009-12-01T00:08:12","date_gmt":"2009-11-30T22:08:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9291"},"modified":"2017-05-18T00:12:12","modified_gmt":"2017-05-17T21:12:12","slug":"demokritosun-atomundan-einsteinin-goreli-evrenine-yolculuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/12\/01\/demokritosun-atomundan-einsteinin-goreli-evrenine-yolculuk","title":{"rendered":"Demokritos\u2019un atomundan Einstein\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6reli evrenine yolculuk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Eski Yunan\u2019daki \u00f6nc\u00fc do\u011fa filozoflar\u0131 ilk maddenin (Arkhe<\/em>) ne oldu\u011funu, nas\u0131l oldu\u011funu sorgulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. D\u00f6nemindeki bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr gibi, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Empedokles (M\u00d6 490-435), her \u015feyin temelinde toprak, su, hava ve ate\u015f olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt \u00f6\u011fenin bulundu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015ftir. Empedokles\u2019in, bu d\u00f6rt \u00f6\u011fe kuram\u0131, daha sonra gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler taraf\u0131ndan, do\u011fadaki varl\u0131klar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Empedokles, g\u00f6rme ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k ile ilgili bir\u00e7ok deney yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 cisimlerden bir \u015feyler \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n g\u00f6ze ula\u015fmas\u0131yla g\u00f6rmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonlu bir h\u0131za sahip oldu\u011funu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n, G\u00fcne\u015f ile Yer aras\u0131ndaki mesafeyi ge\u00e7tikten sonra g\u00f6ze ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm varl\u0131klar\u0131n atom (Eski Yunan alfabesinde \u201c\u03b1\u03c4o\u03bco\u03c2\u201d veya Latin alfabesinde \u201catomos\u201d\u00a0 olarak yaz\u0131lan \u201cb\u00f6l\u00fcnemeyen\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r) ad\u0131 verilen ve g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, ilk \u00f6nce Leukippos (M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemleri) ile onun \u00f6\u011frencisi Demokritos (M\u00d6 460-370) taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Demokritos, kendi d\u00f6nemindeki di\u011fer atomcu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerden daha yetkin fikirlere sahipti. Demokritos\u2019a g\u00f6re, evren doluluk ve bo\u015fluktan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Dolu k\u0131s\u0131m, b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7ac\u0131klar, yani atomlar taraf\u0131ndan doldurulmu\u015ftur; bunlar \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz ve yal\u0131nd\u0131rlar. Nitelikleri ayn\u0131 ama bi\u00e7imleri ayr\u0131d\u0131r. Varl\u0131klar, bu atomlar\u0131n bir araya gelmeleri sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u015eayet bu atomlar bir nedenle da\u011f\u0131l\u0131rsa varl\u0131klar da kaybolurlar. Demokritos, atom kavram\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc fark etmi\u015f olmal\u0131 ki matematik ve geometri ile ilgili pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Demokritos, ayn\u0131 zamanda iyi bir evrenbilimcidir. Ona g\u00f6re, evrende \u00e7ok say\u0131da ve \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerde d\u00fcnyalar vard\u0131r. Bunlar birbirinden farkl\u0131 uzakl\u0131klarda bulunurlar. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r, baz\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise \u00e7\u00f6kmektedir. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015farak yok olurlar. Baz\u0131lar\u0131nda su, bitki ve hayvan yoktur. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede ilk \u00f6nce D\u00fcnya olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ay, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n en alt\u0131nda bulunur; onu G\u00fcne\u015f ve g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen be\u015f gezegen izler.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Astronomide G\u00fcne\u015f merkezli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin h\u00e2kimiyeti: Galileo<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar do\u011fa felsefecilerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemlerinde, D\u00fcnya merkezli evren fikri bask\u0131n olmu\u015ftur. Fakat bir din adam\u0131 olan Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), 1513 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk defa G\u00fcne\u015f Merkezli evren fikrini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Daha sonra bu fikir Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde savunulmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca Galileo, 1609 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 teleskopla g\u00f6zlemlerini astronomik ama\u00e7la kullanan ilk bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcstelik g\u00f6zlemlerini Y\u0131ld\u0131z Habercisi (Siderius Nuntius) <\/em>ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi kitab\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden, Galileo modern bilimin kurucusu olarak kabul edilir. Galileo, kilise kaynakl\u0131 t\u00fcm dinsel bask\u0131lara ra\u011fmen G\u00fcne\u015f Merkezli evren fikrinden vazge\u00e7memi\u015ftir. Kiliseye g\u00f6re, Galileo bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 evrendeki en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6k cismi konumundan, basit bir gezegen konumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmekteydi ve bu durum dinsel inan\u00e7 sistemine de ayk\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    G\u00fcne\u015f Merkezli evren fikrini benimseyip bunu deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla destekleyen bir ba\u015fka bilim insan\u0131 da\u00a0 Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) olmu\u015ftur. Kepler, gezegenlerin hareketlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7 temel yasa \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk ikisi 1609\u2019da, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise 1618\u2019de yay\u0131mland\u0131. \u0130lk yasa, gezegenlerin G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in \u00e7evresinde, odaklar\u0131n\u0131n birinde G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in bulundu\u011fu elips bi\u00e7imli y\u00f6r\u00fcngeler \u00fczerinde doland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. \u0130kincisi, gezegenlerin merkezi ile G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in merkezini birle\u015ftiren do\u011fru par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n yani yar\u0131\u00e7ap vekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/em>\u2019n\u00fcn, e\u015fit zaman aral\u0131klar\u0131nda e\u015fit alanlar tarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise gezegenlerin dolan\u0131m s\u00fcreleri ile G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e uzakl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 kuruyordu.<\/p>\n

    Isaac Newton (1642-1727), do\u011fan\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fini matematiksel metotlarla inceleyip, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla bilim ko\u015fusunda dev ad\u0131mlar atan \u00f6nemli bir bilim insan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Newton\u2019un hareket kanunlar\u0131 ve evrensel \u00e7ekim kanunu, bilimin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc temellerini olu\u015fturarak, do\u011fay\u0131 anlamada tamamen yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 getirmi\u015ftir. Newton\u2019un \u201cPhilosphiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica<\/em>\u201d (Do\u011fa Felsefesinin Matematiksel \u0130lkeleri<\/em>) kitab\u0131, Londra\u2019da 1687 y\u0131l\u0131nda bas\u0131ld\u0131 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde k\u0131saca \u201cPrincipia\u201d <\/em>olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu kitap, kendi d\u00f6neminde \u00e7ok \u00f6zel yere sahiptir ve tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim yap\u0131t\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Kuantum mekani\u011finin astronomiye katk\u0131lar\u0131 ve g\u00f6reli uzay-zaman <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Atomik yap\u0131, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde, \u00f6nceki t\u00fcm tan\u0131mlardan daha fazla bilimsellik kazanm\u0131\u015f ve incelenmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki ve daha sonras\u0131ndaki bilim insanlar\u0131, kuramlar\u0131n\u0131 evrenin atomik yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan astronomik yap\u0131lar\u0131na kadar geni\u015flettiler. Yeni y\u00fczy\u0131la damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuracak olan kuantum mekani\u011fi, Max Planck\u2019\u0131n (1858-1947), 1900 y\u0131l\u0131nda siyah cisim \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 deneyini yaparak, atomdaki enerji seviyelerinin kesikli (kuantl\u0131<\/strong>) oldu\u011funu tespit etmesiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Planck, bu deney ile birlikte kuantum mekani\u011finde \u00f6nemli bir sabit olan Planck Sabiti\u2019ni de bulmu\u015ftur. Niels Bohr (1885-1963), 1913\u2019te, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 hidrojen atomu modeli ile Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) ve Ernest Rutherford\u2019\u0131n (1871-1937) atom modellerindeki t\u00fcm eksiklikleri gidermi\u015fti. Arthur Holly Compton\u2019\u0131n (1892-1962) 1922\u2019deki\u00a0 \u201cCompton Sa\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d deneyi, Werner Heisenberg\u2019in (1901-1976) 1927\u2019de yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cBelirsizlik \u0130lkesi\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in (1887-1961) 1927\u2019de yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cSchr\u00f6dinger Denklemi\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Louis de Broglie\u2019nin (1892-1987)\u00a0 1929\u2019da yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cde Broglie Dalga Boyu\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kuantum mekani\u011fine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuantum mekani\u011fi, h\u0131z kesmeksizin geli\u015fmeye devam etmekte ve pek \u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 teorik ve deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla g\u00fc\u00e7lenmekteydi.<\/p>\n

    Kuantum mekani\u011fine katk\u0131s\u0131 olan bilim insanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6yle biri vard\u0131 ki al\u0131\u015fagelmi\u015f t\u00fcm fikirleri k\u00f6kten sarsmaktayd\u0131. Adeta insanl\u0131k tarihinin t\u00fcm bilgi birikiminin bir sonucu olan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim insan\u0131 Albert Einstein\u2019d\u0131r (1879-1955). Einstein\u2019\u0131n 1905\u2019te yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u00d6zel G\u00f6relilik Kuram\u0131\u201d, 300 y\u0131ll\u0131k Newton mekani\u011fini alt \u00fcst etmi\u015ftir. Newton mekani\u011finde k\u00fctle, uzunluk ve zaman de\u011fi\u015fmez mutlak b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckler iken, G\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131 evrende \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 hari\u00e7 hi\u00e7bir niceli\u011fin mutlak olmay\u0131p g\u00f6receli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Einstein\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6reli uzay-zaman kuram\u0131na g\u00f6re, evrende belirli bir merkez ve tercihli bir y\u00f6n yoktur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ne D\u00fcnya ne de G\u00fcne\u015f evrenin merkezi de\u011fildir. Einstein\u2019\u0131n bu varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 daha sonra modern astronomi deneyleri ile s\u0131nanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Einstein, \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst h\u0131z s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fctle \u00e7ekim kuvveti etkisiyle e\u011fildi\u011fini iddia etmi\u015fti. Bu iddias\u0131n\u0131 1915 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya koydu. Fakat bu iddias\u0131, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131nanamad\u0131. 1919\u2019da\u00a0 bir \u0130ngiliz ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubu Bat\u0131 Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 izleyerek\u00a0 kuram\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten de G\u00fcne\u015f taraf\u0131ndan sapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etti. Normalde G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in arkas\u0131nda kalan ve g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen bir y\u0131ld\u0131z g\u00f6zlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

    Modern kuantum mekaniksel geli\u015fmeler ve g\u00f6reli uzay-zaman kuram\u0131n\u0131n astronomiye h\u00e2kimiyeti sayesinde, yeni bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve birtak\u0131m d\u00fczeltmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131:<\/p>\n

    – <\/strong>Demokritos\u2019un dedi\u011fi gibi maddenin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131ta\u015f\u0131 atom de\u011fil; proton, n\u00f6tron, elektron, kuark ve daha bir\u00e7ok atom alt\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131k bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    –<\/strong> Astronomik mesafeler uzunluk birimleri cinsinden de\u011fil \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 (\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir y\u0131lda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yol) cinsinden ifade edilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten sonra d\u00fcnyam\u0131za en yak\u0131n y\u0131ld\u0131z Proxima Centauri 4,2 \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 uzaktad\u0131r. Yani biz bu y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rt y\u0131l \u00f6nceki halini g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

    –<\/strong> Galileo, D\u00fcnya merkezli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc reddetti\u011fi ve D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yledi\u011fi i\u00e7in Kilise taraf\u0131ndan 1630 y\u0131l\u0131nda lanetlenmi\u015f ve yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130nan\u0131l\u0131r gibi de\u011fil ama Katolik Kilisesi Galileo\u2019nun tamam\u0131yla hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ancak 1992\u2019de kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    – <\/strong>Pl\u00fcton 1930\u2019da ke\u015ffedildi\u011finde gezegen say\u0131s\u0131 dokuza \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. A\u011fustos 2006\u2019da Uluslararas\u0131 Astronomi Birli\u011fi (IAU) yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplant\u0131da, Pl\u00fcton\u2019un gezegen olma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in gezegenlikten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p, c\u00fcce gezegen olmas\u0131na karar verdi. B\u00f6ylece G\u00fcne\u015f sistemindeki gezegen say\u0131s\u0131 1930\u2019daki gibi yeniden sekiz olarak d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Kuantum mekani\u011finde ve astronomide umut dolu beklentiler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    – <\/strong>Bilim insanlar\u0131, astronomik evrenin anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle atomik evrenin (kuantum mekaniksel evrenin) anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. 1966\u2019da \u0130sko\u00e7yal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i Peter Higgs\u2019in geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi atomik mekanizman\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan \u201cHiggs\u201d par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131r hem kuramsal hem de deneysel alandaki pek \u00e7ok fizik\u00e7iyi pe\u015finden ko\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Fransa-\u0130svi\u00e7re s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f olan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezi CERN\u2019de bulunan bilim insanlar\u0131 da bu \u201cHiggs\u201d par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f durumdalar. Ayr\u0131ca bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezinde, b\u00fcy\u00fck patlaman\u0131n hemen sonras\u0131ndaki evrenin ilkel durumu ve atom alt\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n (\u00f6zellikle protonlar\u0131n) olu\u015fum mekanizmas\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    – <\/strong>Einstein, \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca, t\u00fcm fiziksel olaylar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan tek bir kuram (birle\u015fik alanlar kuram\u0131) bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece do\u011fadaki d\u00f6rt temel kuvveti (k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim kuvveti, elektromanyetik kuvvet, zay\u0131f \u00e7ekirdek kuvveti ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7ekirdek kuvveti) tek bir kuvvette birle\u015ftirecekti. Fakat Einstein bu konuda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonralar\u0131 pek \u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 bu vasiyeti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk deneysel kan\u0131tlar, 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam ve Steven Weinberg taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konuldu. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 bilim insan\u0131, zay\u0131f \u00e7ekirdek kuvveti ile elektromanyetik kuvveti \u201cElektrozay\u0131f Kuvvet\u201d ad\u0131nda tek bir kuvvette birle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131lar ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc ald\u0131lar. Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131, evrendeki t\u00fcm fizik olaylar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayabilen tek bir kuvvet ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 bulma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

    – <\/strong>Bilim insanlar\u0131, evrende, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fam izleri bulabilmek i\u00e7in t\u00fcm bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 seferber etmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Bu aray\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle, G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminde (\u00f6zellikle Mars\u2019ta ve J\u00fcpiter\u2019in uydusu Europa\u2019da) biyolojik ya\u015fam\u0131 olu\u015fturabilecek materyaller aranmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunabilecek tek bir bakteri bile, bizi mutlu edip evrende yaln\u0131z olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6sterecektir. Bu durum, hen\u00fcz do\u011fmak \u00fczere olan kom\u015fular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 haber verecektir.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Dr. Niyazi Y\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Eski Yunan\u2019daki \u00f6nc\u00fc do\u011fa filozoflar\u0131 ilk maddenin (Arkhe) ne oldu\u011funu, nas\u0131l oldu\u011funu sorgulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. D\u00f6nemindeki bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr gibi, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Empedokles (M\u00d6 490-435), her \u015feyin temelinde toprak, su, hava ve ate\u015f olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt \u00f6\u011fenin bulundu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015ftir. Empedokles\u2019in, bu d\u00f6rt \u00f6\u011fe kuram\u0131, daha sonra gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler taraf\u0131ndan, do\u011fadaki varl\u0131klar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak amac\u0131yla […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":438,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[107,26,535],"tags":[620,277],"class_list":["post-9291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-70-sayi","category-fizik","category-forum","tag-demokritos","tag-einstein"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t