{"id":9346,"date":"2009-07-01T00:31:41","date_gmt":"2009-06-30T21:31:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9346"},"modified":"2017-07-18T09:54:29","modified_gmt":"2017-07-18T06:54:29","slug":"newtonu-koyreden-okumak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/07\/01\/newtonu-koyreden-okumak","title":{"rendered":"Newton\u2019u Koyr\u00e9\u2019den okumak"},"content":{"rendered":"

Isaac Newton, en \u00f6zl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde Balzac\u2019\u0131n Mutlak Pe\u015finde<\/em> roman\u0131nda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Balthazar Claes karakteriyle ifade edilebilir: \u0130\u015fe koyuldu\u011funda kendisini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda unutan bilim insan\u0131. Einstein\u2019la birlikte tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim adam\u0131 say\u0131lan Newton, kendi d\u00f6neminde do\u011fa bilimlerinin temel sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ele alm\u0131\u015f ve bu sorunlara getirdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler insan\u0131n do\u011fay\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Newton\u2019u daha iyi anlayabilmek i\u00e7in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, bu d\u00f6nem \u201cy\u00fcksek verimler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak nitelenebilir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, 16. ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131llar bilim tarihinin belki de en \u00fcretken d\u00f6nemidir. R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n simgesi Leonardo da Vinci 1519\u2019da ve ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren Nicolaus Copernicus 1543\u2019te \u00f6l\u00fcyor; Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler ve William Harvey gibi \u201cbilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri\u201d ise 1561, 1564, 1571 ve 1578 y\u0131llar\u0131nda do\u011fuyorlard\u0131. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Robert Boyle, sonlar\u0131nda da Christiaan Huygens en \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyorlard\u0131. Isaac Newton ise Galilei\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u0131l olan 1642\u2019de d\u00fcnyaya geliyordu.<\/p>\n

Hen\u00fcz 25 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken en \u00f6nemli kuramlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Newton, i\u00e7ine kapal\u0131 ve polemikten sak\u0131nan ki\u015fili\u011finin de etkisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 uzun bir s\u00fcre yay\u0131mlamad\u0131. (1) Newton\u2019un, kendisine bilim tarihinde hak etti\u011fi yeri kazand\u0131ran ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki eseri Principia<\/em> ve Opticks<\/em>\u2019i yay\u0131mlamas\u0131, Halley kuyruklu y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffeden yak\u0131n dostu Edmund Halley\u2019in s\u00fcrekli destek ve \u0131srar\u0131 sayesindedir. Newton Principia<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde, kitab\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r. \u201cBu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131, felsefenin matematiksel ilkeleri olarak sunuyorum; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc felsefenin as\u0131l g\u00f6revi \u015fundan ibarettir: Hareket olgular\u0131ndan do\u011fa kuvvetlerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmak ve sonra bu kuvvetlerden do\u011fan\u0131n di\u011fer olgular\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak.\u201d (2) Newton\u2019un bu eserinde ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 k\u0131saca \u00f6zetlemek gerekirse s\u00f6z konusu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n, hareketin \u00fc\u00e7 temel yasaya indirgenmesi, bu yasalara dayan\u0131larak dinami\u011fin ded\u00fcktif bir sistem olarak kurulmas\u0131, temel yasalar\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavramlar\u0131n tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve astronomide Kopernik ve Kepler\u2019in ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131klar\u0131 sistemin bilimsel bir kuram olarak ortaya konmas\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da Newton fizi\u011fini, Kopernik devriminin doru\u011fu olarak tan\u0131mlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Alexander Koyre<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc bilim tarih\u00e7isi ve felsefecisi Alexandre Koyr\u00e9\u2019nin Salyangoz Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan incelemesi Bilim ve Devrim: Newton<\/em>\u2019un, Newton \u00fczerine olu\u015fan geni\u015f literat\u00fcr\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Bilim tarihi yaz\u0131m\u0131nda bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak kabul edilen Koyr\u00e9, yerle\u015fik bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na en tutarl\u0131 ele\u015ftirileri getiren yazarlardan birisidir. Yerle\u015fik bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bilimi tarihten soyutlayarak okuyan yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, Koyr\u00e9 ile birlikte yerini tarihsel yakla\u015f\u0131ma b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bilimsel ilerleme tarihinin yaln\u0131z deneysel yan\u0131yla de\u011fil, teorik ve tarihsel yan\u0131yla da ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fini vurgulayan Koyr\u00e9, Kuhn, Bordieu ve Latour gibi bilimsel \u00fcretim alan\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fan yazarlara da yol g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Koyr\u00e9\u2019nin daha \u00f6nce Yeni\u00e7a\u011f Biliminin Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/em>, Bilim Tarihi Yaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>, Kapal\u0131 D\u00fcnyadan Sonsuz Evrene <\/em>ve 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015flar\u0131nda Rusya\u2019da Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, Ulus\u00e7uluk ve Felsefe <\/em>gibi kitaplar\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Koyr\u00e9\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra yay\u0131mlanan kitap, her biri Newton\u2019un bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ayr\u0131 bir yan\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnekleyen yedi makaleden olu\u015fuyor. \u00a0S\u0131ras\u0131yla \u201cNewton Sentezinin De\u011feri\u201d, \u201cNewton\u2019\u0131n Bilimsel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde Kavram ve Deneyim\u201d, \u201cNewton ve Descartes\u201d, \u201cNewton, Galileo ve Platon\u201d, \u201cRobert Hooke\u2019un Isaac Newton\u2019a Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Bir Mektubu\u201d, \u201cNewton\u2019\u0131n \u2018Regulae Philosophandi\u2019si\u201d ve \u201c\u00c7ekim, Newton ve Cotes\u201d adl\u0131 makalelerden olu\u015fan kitaptaki b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirici ana tema Koyr\u00e9\u2019nin deyi\u015fiyle, temel bilimsel fikirlerin nas\u0131l hem felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ak\u0131mlar\u0131yla ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funun, hem de ayn\u0131 zamanda deneysel denetlemelerle belirlendi\u011finin kavramsal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6rneklenmesidir. (3) \u0130fadeden de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Koyr\u00e9\u2019nin bilimsel ilerlemenin sadece deneysel yan\u0131yla de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda kuramsal yan\u0131yla da ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fi vurgusunu peki\u015ftiren bir nitelikte.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, Koyr\u00e9\u2019nin bilim felsefesine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sunan ve Newton\u2019un bilimsel devrimini en kapsaml\u0131 \u015fekilde ele alan incelemesi, fizik ve matemati\u011fe ilgi duyan herkesin okumas\u0131 gereken, ba\u015fucu kitab\u0131 niteli\u011findeki bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma.<\/p>\n

Alexandre Koyr\u00e9, Bilim ve Devrim: Newton (Kitab\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn ad\u0131: Newtonian Studies), \u00c7ev. Nur K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, Salyangoz Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, Eyl\u00fcl 2006, 484 sayfa.<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilim Tarihi, (8. Bask\u0131), Remzi Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul, 2003, s. 105.<\/p>\n

2) Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, a.g.e., s. 108.<\/p>\n

3) Alexandre Koyr\u00e9, Bilim ve Devrim: Newton, \u00c7ev. Nur K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, Salyangoz Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2006, s. 7.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Erdem S\u00f6nmez<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Isaac Newton, en \u00f6zl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde Balzac\u2019\u0131n Mutlak Pe\u015finde roman\u0131nda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Balthazar Claes karakteriyle ifade edilebilir: \u0130\u015fe koyuldu\u011funda kendisini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda unutan bilim insan\u0131. Einstein\u2019la birlikte tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim adam\u0131 say\u0131lan Newton, kendi d\u00f6neminde do\u011fa bilimlerinin temel sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ele alm\u0131\u015f ve bu sorunlara getirdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler insan\u0131n do\u011fay\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Newton\u2019u daha iyi anlayabilmek i\u00e7in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":176,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[102,511],"tags":[288,346],"class_list":["post-9346","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-65-sayi","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-fizik","tag-newton"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t