{"id":9381,"date":"2009-07-01T00:34:35","date_gmt":"2009-06-30T21:34:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9381"},"modified":"2017-07-18T10:00:23","modified_gmt":"2017-07-18T07:00:23","slug":"intihal-iddialarina-karsi-bir-siginak-anonim-bilgi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/07\/01\/intihal-iddialarina-karsi-bir-siginak-anonim-bilgi","title":{"rendered":"\u0130ntihal iddialar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak: \u2018Anonim bilgi\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gidi\u015fin, anonim bilgi s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel kitaplardan sonra, bilimsel makalelerdeki intihal ve sahtecilikleri de i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletilmesine do\u011fru oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Y\u00d6K sisteminin akademik y\u00fckseltmelerde \u201cnitelik \u00f6nemli de\u011fil, yeter ki \u00e7ok yay\u0131n yap\u201d ilkesi(zli\u011fi) devam ederken bu s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n, daha \u00e7ok intihalcinin s\u0131\u011faca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde iyice geni\u015flemesi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. <\/em><\/p>\n

Kayhan Kantarl\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ege \u00dcniversitesi Fen Fak\u00fcltesi Fizik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131ya ba\u015flarken son 30 y\u0131ld\u0131r toplum olarak u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z etik de\u011ferler erozyonunda, ba\u015fka kurumlardan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemli olarak \u00fcniversitelerin yeri hakk\u0131nda k\u0131sa bir durum saptamas\u0131 yapmakta yarar var.<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k otuz y\u0131ld\u0131r 1980 askeri rejiminin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan Y\u00d6K yasas\u0131 ve bu yasayla \u00fcniversitelere getirilen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yetkilerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve ortak ak\u0131l olu\u015fturmaktan uzak bir y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile y\u00f6netilen \u00fcniversiteler, \u00fclkenin sorunlar\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm arama ve \u00f6nerme sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybettiler. Hukuku ve kendi varl\u0131k nedeninin temelini olu\u015fturan bilimsel de\u011ferleri d\u0131\u015flayan bu y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonucunda, topluma \u00f6rnek ve yol g\u00f6sterici olmas\u0131 gereken \u00fcniversitelerimiz bu sorumluluklar\u0131na yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yine ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, hukuku ve etik de\u011ferleri \u00f6nemsemeyen siyasi yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n topluma benimsetmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cbireysel \u00e7\u0131karc\u0131l\u0131k\u201d demek olan \u201ci\u015fini bil, k\u00f6\u015feyi d\u00f6n\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, ne yaz\u0131k ki bu anlay\u0131\u015fa \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gereken \u00fcniversitelerde bile taraftar bulabildi. Fak\u00fcltelerin t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011finin kald\u0131r\u0131larak dekanlar\u0131n birer daire ba\u015fkan\u0131, \u00f6\u011fretim elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n ise emir kulu s\u0131radan memurlar durumunda oldu\u011fu bu d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde \u00fcniversiteler bireysel \u00e7\u0131kar sistemine \u00f6ylesine uyum sa\u011flad\u0131lar ki, \u00fcniversiteyi \u00fcniversite yapan bilimsel de\u011ferlerin \u201cakademik k\u00f6\u015fe d\u00f6nme\u201d arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu ama\u00e7la g\u00f6r\u00fclmedik bilimsel sahtecilik ve intihal \u00f6rnekleri sergilenmesi gittik\u00e7e yayg\u0131nla\u015fan s\u0131radan bir davran\u0131\u015f haline geldi.<\/p>\n

\u201cYoldan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u201d su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla \u00fcniversiteleri merkezden (siyasi) kontrol i\u00e7in kurulan Y\u00d6K, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yetki elinde olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, bu yetkilerini, \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00fcniversitelerin ticarethaneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde kulland\u0131. \u00dcniversitelerde ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flanan etik de\u011ferler \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nlenmesinde ve \u201ce\u011fitim-ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve yay\u0131n\u201d etkinliklerinde \u00fczerinde uzla\u015fmaya var\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, evrensel olarak ge\u00e7erli etik kodlar tan\u0131mlay\u0131p bunlar\u0131n \u00fcniversitenin t\u00fcm unsurlar\u0131nca benimsenmesine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmekteki sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 ise yerine getirmedi. Bu ger\u00e7e\u011fin en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergesi, \u00fclkemizdeki \u201cBilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Yay\u0131n Eti\u011fi\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n evrensel olarak ge\u00e7erli olan anlay\u0131\u015fla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmekten hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok uzaklarda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren olaylarda bir azalma de\u011fil art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fan\u0131yor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131n kitlesel ve organize bir boyuta ula\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda, \u00fclkemiz \u00fcniversitelerinde ya\u015fanan a\u015f\u0131rmac\u0131l\u0131k olaylar\u0131 bat\u0131daki sayg\u0131n bilim dergilerinde haber (1) ve \u201cIl caso ‘ring’ turco – T\u00fcrk (intihal) Zinciri\u201d (2) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda <\/strong>doktora tezlerinin tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00d6K sistemi, sistemin kurulu\u015fundan gelen do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi \u201cyanda\u015f korumac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilecek olanaklar\u0131 elinde tutmak istedi\u011finden, bilim ahlak\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve y\u00fcceltilmesinde kendisini ve \u00fcniversite y\u00f6netimlerini ba\u011flayan bir sorumluluk tan\u0131m\u0131 yapmaya da yana\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00d6K\u2019\u00fcn bu konuda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek d\u00fczenleme, \u201cY\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurumlar\u0131 Y\u00f6netici, \u00d6\u011fretim Eleman\u0131 ve Memurlar\u0131 Disiplin Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u201dne 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda ekledi\u011fi bir f\u0131krad\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan bu eklemeyle \u201cbir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel eserinin veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kaynak belirtmeden kendi eseri gibi g\u00f6sterme\u201d eylemi, yani intihal, \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeli\u011fi mesle\u011finden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmay\u0131 gerektiren bir su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (3).<\/p>\n

\u0130ntihal olaylar\u0131n\u0131 siyasi, ki\u015fiye \u00f6zel tarafl\u0131 durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6rtbas etmeye odaklanm\u0131\u015f bir sistemin getirdi\u011fi bu yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00f6netmelikte yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle hafif-a\u011f\u0131r demeden her t\u00fcr intihale uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131yla daha ilk g\u00fcnden belli olmu\u015ftu. \u0130ntihalin bir disiplin su\u00e7u olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131ndaki iyi tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f bu yakla\u015f\u0131m ne yaz\u0131k ki hafif, fakat \u00e7ok daha onursal olan uyarma\/k\u0131nama gibi etkili olabilecek yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 da bir \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131da ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, sonunda ne kadar hafif olursa olsun cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken intihalin uygulamada, adeta ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde yapt\u0131r\u0131ms\u0131z kalmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131, Y\u00d6K ve \u00fcniversite y\u00f6netimlerinin s\u00f6z konusu \u201cyanda\u015f korumac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dna dayanan etik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tutum ve yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 sonucu, en cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olabilecek bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m, bilim ahlak\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131nda en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir etki yaratamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi tam tersine, bilim eti\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir kaos ortam\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015ftir. Yarat\u0131lan kaos ortam\u0131n\u0131n temelinde intihal eyleminin ne oldu\u011fu, hangi t\u00fcr al\u0131nt\u0131lara nas\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda evrensel bilim eti\u011fi ilkeleri ve fikri m\u00fclkiyet hukukuna dayanan bir anlay\u0131\u015f birli\u011finin sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r. Bilim eti\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine sokuldu\u011fu kaos ortam\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fimdiye kadar sistemin \u201c\u00f6rtbas etme\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan al\u0131yorken, bug\u00fcn art\u0131k bir intihal davas\u0131 nedeniyle bilim eti\u011fi literat\u00fcr\u00fcne girmi\u015f olan \u201canonim bilgi\u201d kavram\u0131ndan beslenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel olan-olmayan ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n

An\u0131msanaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, Y\u00d6K eski Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Prof. Dr. \u0130hsan Do\u011framac\u0131, yazar\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u201cAnnenin Kitab\u0131 (1968)\u201d isimli kitab\u0131n\u0131n Dr. Benjamin Spock\u2019un \u201cBaby And Childcare (1946)\u201d isimli kitab\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131rma\/intihal oldu\u011funu iddia eden Prof. Dr. Hasan Yaz\u0131c\u0131 aleyhinde tazminat davas\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, alt\u0131 y\u0131l devam eden yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcreci sonunda son s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u00f6yleyen Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu\u2019nun (YHGK) verdi\u011fi kararla, dava profes\u00f6r Do\u011framac\u0131 lehine sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. YHGK\u2019nun 10.05.2006 tarih ve E. 2006\/4-230, K.2006\/288 say\u0131l\u0131 gerek\u00e7eli karar\u0131 \u00f6zet olarak, \u201cProfes\u00f6r Do\u011framac\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u2018Annenin Kitab\u0131\u2019 adl\u0131 eserinin bilimsel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131; bilimsel olmayan eserlerin anonim kavram ve fikirler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi, b\u00f6yle anonim kavram ve fikirlerin ancak benzer \u015fekilde ifade edilebilece\u011fi… kald\u0131 ki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de kaynak verilmeden al\u0131nt\u0131 yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 -yani yap\u0131l\u0131rsa intihal say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131- kural\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00e7ok bilimsel nitelikli kitaplar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan bir zorunluluk oldu\u011fu\u201d gerek\u00e7esine dayanmaktad\u0131r (4).<\/p>\n

Akademik \u00e7evrelerde halen devam etmekte olan ele\u015ftiri ve tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7an bu karar bilim eti\u011fi literat\u00fcr\u00fcne yeni bir kavramsal anlay\u0131\u015f kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n yap\u0131lan ele\u015ftirileri \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan \u201cbilimsel eser nedir?\u201d ve \u201cintihal nedir?\u201d sorular\u0131yla ilgili iki cephesi vard\u0131r. Birinci cephede, iki bilim insan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan ve bilimsel bilgi i\u00e7eri\u011fi nedeniyle birer bilimsel eser oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k olan Do\u011framac\u0131 ve Spock\u2019un kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n, t\u0131p \u00f6\u011frencilerine de\u011fil de, annelere y\u00f6nelik isimler ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na bak\u0131larak \u201cbilimsel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u201d \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 sorunu bulunmaktad\u0131r. Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz, Profes\u00f6r Do\u011framac\u0131\u2019n\u0131n itiraz etmeyip kabullenmesi, yarg\u0131 karar\u0131ndaki bu nitelemenin do\u011fru ve ele\u015ftirilemez oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p>\n

Her iki kitab\u0131n da hasta bebekleri okuyup \u00fcfleyerek ya da \u00f6rne\u011fin kab\u0131zl\u0131k sorununu sinameki otu suyunu i\u00e7ererek tedavi etmek gibi, halk aras\u0131ndaki nesilden nesile aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bilim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bilgilerin derlenmesine de\u011fil, zaman\u0131n t\u0131p literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde uzun y\u0131llar boyunca olu\u015fan bilimsel bilgi birikimine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131na hi\u00e7bir bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n itiraz\u0131 olmamas\u0131 gerekir. Bu ger\u00e7ek bir yana, YHGK karar\u0131n\u0131n \u201ceserin bilimselli\u011fi\u201d cephesinin, yap\u0131lmakta olan ele\u015ftirilere hakl\u0131l\u0131k kazand\u0131ran y\u00f6n\u00fc, \u201cintihalin yaln\u0131zca bilimsel eserleri ilgilendirdi\u011fi, bilimsel olmayan eserlerde ise ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel olmayan eserlerinden kaynak g\u00f6sterilmeden yap\u0131lan al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n intihal say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131\u201d ifade edilen de\u011ferlendirmesinin 5846 no\u2019lu Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Yasas\u0131 (FSEY) ile \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00e7eli\u015fki olu\u015fturmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, FSEY fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden korunacak eserler aras\u0131nda \u201cbilimsel olan-olmayan\u201d gibi bir ay\u0131r\u0131m yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (5).<\/p>\n

Fikri M\u00fclkiyet Hukuku uzman\u0131 Prof. Dr. \u00dcnal Tekinalp\u2019in s\u00f6z konusu YHGK karar\u0131nda yer alan \u201ceser\u201d kavram\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki tespit ve de\u011ferlendirmesi \u015f\u00f6yledir (6): \u201cAn\u0131lan karar, olaya gerekli noktadan, yani \u2018eser\u2019 kavram\u0131ndan de\u011fil, \u2018el kitab\u0131\u2019ndan yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanun, 1\/B h\u00fckm\u00fcnde bir fikri \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn eser olabilmesi i\u00e7in sahibinin hususiyetini ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 yeterli g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u2018Hususiyet\u2019 kelimesi ile geni\u015f anlamda \u2018\u00fcslup\u2019 kastedilmi\u015ftir. Orijinallikten kas\u0131t da fikrin i\u015fleni\u015f \u015fekli, fikri \u00e7aban\u0131n ifade edili\u015fi ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7aban\u0131n eser sahibine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir \u015fekilde somutla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir el kitab\u0131 da eser olabilir; bir \u00fcr\u00fcne el kitab\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in eser de\u011fildir denilemez.\u201d<\/p>\n

Do\u011fal olarak Tekinalp\u2019in bu tespit ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri, bir eser yarat\u0131l\u0131rken daha \u00f6nce yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ba\u015fkalar\u0131na ait eserlerden yararlan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Kald\u0131 ki, \u00f6rne\u011fin ister t\u0131p \u00f6\u011frencilerine y\u00f6nelik bir ders kitab\u0131, ister \u00e7ocuk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in annelere ya da diyelim \u015feker hastalar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimine y\u00f6nelik olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir el kitab\u0131 olsun, bilimsel bir eserin konuyla ilgili bilimsel bilgi birikiminin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fka eserlerden yararlanmadan yaz\u0131labilece\u011fini kimse iddia edemez. B\u00f6yle bir iddiada bulunulmas\u0131 \u201co eserde yer alan bilimsel bilginin, eserin sahibi taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi\u201d gibi ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak bilimsel olsun ya da olmas\u0131n, bir eseri yazarken ba\u015fka eserlerden yararlanma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, t\u00fcm hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck alanlar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi kurals\u0131z ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle FSEY\u2019n\u0131n \u201c\u0130ktibas serbestisi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 35. maddesi s\u00f6z konusu yararlanma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bir kurala ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ktibas (al\u0131nt\u0131) serbestisi bir eserden, eser sahibinin iznine gerek kalmaks\u0131z\u0131n, fakat kaynak g\u00f6stermek ko\u015fuluyla al\u0131nt\u0131 yapma hakk\u0131d\u0131r (6, 7). Al\u0131nt\u0131 yapma hakk\u0131n\u0131n kaynak g\u00f6sterilmeden kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, FSEY\u2019na g\u00f6re hapis ya da para cezas\u0131 gerektiren bir su\u00e7 olu\u015fturur. Bu su\u00e7un \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeli\u011fi mesle\u011fi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131lan ders kitab\u0131 gibi bir eserle ilgili olmas\u0131 halinde ise eylem, ayr\u0131ca bilim eti\u011finin korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak disiplin y\u00f6netmeli\u011finin kapsam\u0131na da girer ki, yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi \u00f6\u011fretim elemanlar\u0131 disiplin y\u00f6netmeli\u011finin en a\u011f\u0131r akademik su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 intihal eylemi i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ceza ise \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeli\u011fi mesle\u011finden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmakt\u0131r (3).<\/p>\n

\u201cAnonim bilgi\u201d kavram\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

YHGK\u2019nun s\u00f6z konusu dava hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi karar\u0131n sonucu olarak geli\u015fen yeni kavramsal anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n, \u201cintihalin anlam\u0131\u201d ile ilgili olan ikinci cephesi i\u015fte tam bu noktada kendini g\u00f6stermektedir. Kararda \u201c\u2026.bilimsel olmayan eserlerin anonim kavram ve fikirler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi, b\u00f6yle anonim kavram ve fikirlerin ancak benzer \u015fekilde -yani kaynak g\u00f6stermeden- ifade edilebilece\u011fi\u201d belirtilmi\u015ftir. Karar\u0131n bu cephesi, intihal su\u00e7lamas\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan ki\u015filere ne yaz\u0131k ki, \u00a0bu ifadeleri kolayca sapt\u0131rarak intihal su\u00e7lamas\u0131ndan kurtulabilme kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani bu de\u011ferlendirme, kan\u0131tlara dayanan intihal iddialar\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak sorumlular\u0131n haks\u0131z yere aklanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilecek bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu\u2019nun (TDK) B\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk\u00e7e S\u00f6zl\u00fck\u2019\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u201canonim\u201d kelimesi \u201cad\u0131 san\u0131 bilinmeyen, yazan\u0131-yapan\u0131, s\u00f6yleyeni bilinmeyen (eser)\u201d demektir (8). Sahibi belli olan ve FSEY\u2019ndaki eser tan\u0131m\u0131 kapsam\u0131na giren fikir ve sanat \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir ders kitab\u0131n\u0131n\u201csahibinin hususiyetini ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d kabul edildi\u011fine g\u00f6re, b\u00f6yle bir eserden yap\u0131lan al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n \u201canonim kavram ve bilgiler\u201d diye nitelendirilemeyece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla al\u0131nt\u0131lar i\u00e7in yasada belirtilen kaynak g\u00f6sterme zorunlulu\u011fu eser tan\u0131m\u0131 ile birlikte ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6rne\u011fin,yazar\u0131 belli olan bir kitaptaki hi\u00e7bir anlat\u0131m, sunum, form\u00fcl, \u015fekil, tablo, grafik vb., \u201canonim bilgi\u201d kavram\u0131 i\u00e7ine sokularak yasan\u0131n koruma alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamamal\u0131d\u0131r, bunlar\u0131 kaynak g\u00f6stermeden kullanmak FSEY\u2019na ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r ve baz\u0131 durumlarda \u201cyasaklanm\u0131\u015f iktibas\u201d olu\u015fturur (6).<\/p>\n

Fakat, YHGK\u2019nun verdi\u011fi karar, bir talihsizlik olarak b\u00f6yle bir d\u0131\u015farlamay\u0131 olanakl\u0131 hale getirmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumun sonucu olarak, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kitapta ba\u015fkalar\u0131na ait kitaplardan \u015fekil, tablo, grafik vb.ni kaynak g\u00f6stermeden ve hatta kitaplar\u0131n i\u00e7 kapaklar\u0131ndaki telif hakk\u0131 (copyright) uyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yok say\u0131p yay\u0131nevinden izin almadan kulland\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in intihal su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fanlar, \u015fimdi art\u0131k bu karardan esinlenerek rahat\u00e7a \u201ckitab\u0131mda tek bir kaynak g\u00f6stermedi\u011fim do\u011frudur, ancak intihal gerek\u00e7esi olarak \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen al\u0131nt\u0131lar bir\u00e7ok kitapta bulunan anonim bilgilerdir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla intihal say\u0131lmaz\u201d diyebilmektedir. \u0130ddialar \u00fczerine yapt\u0131r\u0131lan incelemelerde raport\u00f6r g\u00f6revi verilen baz\u0131 sayg\u0131n bilim insanlar\u0131 ise sapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bu savunmay\u0131, bilimsel tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ilkesinin y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 pahas\u0131na daha da ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek, \u201ciddia konusu al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n anonim bilgiler oldu\u011fu, b\u00f6yle anonim bilgilerin al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserlerin kaynak g\u00f6stermemenin mubah oldu\u011fu, asl\u0131nda lisans kitaplar\u0131nda kaynak g\u00f6sterilmeyebilece\u011fi, kaynak g\u00f6sterme zorunlulu\u011funun daha \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek lisans kitaplar\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu\u201d \u015feklindeki, de\u011ferlendirmeleri rahat\u00e7a yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu YHGK karar\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde pek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir olgu olan \u201canonim bilgi\u201d s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131 o kadar abart\u0131l\u0131 hale getirilmi\u015ftir ki, \u00f6rne\u011fin intihal iddialar\u0131na konu olan eserin, lisans ders kitab\u0131 gibi bilimselli\u011finin su g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez oldu\u011fu bir durumda, YHGK karar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan, \u201cbilimsel nitelikli kitaplar i\u00e7in kaynak g\u00f6sterme zorunlulu\u011fu vard\u0131r\u201d vurgulamas\u0131 bile, iddialar\u0131 mutlaka anonim bilgi s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131na sokabilmek amac\u0131yla g\u00f6rmezden gelinerek, \u201ckitab\u0131n esas olarak herkese mal olmu\u015f (anonim) bilgiler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kaynak g\u00f6sterilmeyebilece\u011fi\u201d gibi d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu bir akademik ya\u015famda asla yeri olmayan zorlama g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130ntihal su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fanlar\u0131n savunmalar\u0131nda, bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ise bilirki\u015fi s\u0131fat\u0131yla haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 raporlarda yapt\u0131klar\u0131, anonim bilgi s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131rdatan ibret verici bir zorlama ise, \u201ckopyala-yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d y\u00f6ntemiyle intihal edildi\u011fi orijinal kitapta alt yaz\u0131 ya da ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem kaynak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f, hem de kitab\u0131n yay\u0131nc\u0131s\u0131ndan izin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 notu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f \u00f6zel \u015fekil ve tablolar\u0131n dahi anonim bilgi say\u0131larak a\u011fz\u0131na kadar dolmu\u015f olan s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011fa sokulmak istenmesidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130ddia ve \u015fikayet edilen intihalin ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi konusunda, her \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesinin mesle\u011fi gere\u011fi bilmek ve \u00f6\u011frenmek durumunda oldu\u011fu evrensel bilim eti\u011fi ilkeleri ve ilgili yasal mevzuat ba\u011flam\u0131nda tarafs\u0131z olarak de\u011ferlendirip g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bildirmek \u00fczere g\u00f6revlendirilen bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n, intihal su\u00e7lamas\u0131n\u0131n muhatab\u0131 olan ki\u015fileri korumak amac\u0131yla sahiplenebildi\u011fi, bilim insan\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fuyla asla ba\u011fda\u015fmayan b\u00f6ylesi etik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n halk aras\u0131ndaki ad\u0131 \u201ci\u015fi kitab\u0131na uydurmak\u201dt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki etkisi nedeniyle uluslararas\u0131 sayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f baz\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi \u201ci\u015fi kitab\u0131na uydurma\u201d ilkesi ile bu sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplayan bilim akademilerinin ortak de\u011feri olan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki iki ilkesi (9) aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin takdiri ve de\u011ferlendirilmesi okuyuculara aittir:<\/p>\n

(i) Bilimsel yay\u0131nlarda ve genel kamuoyuna d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak yay\u0131nlanan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc makale, derleme, kitap ve benzeri yay\u0131nlarda yararlan\u0131lan ba\u015fkalar\u0131na ait yay\u0131nlar kaynak olarak g\u00f6sterilmedir.<\/p>\n

(ii) Bilim insan\u0131, akademik ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn evrelerinde ve \u00f6\u011fretim, y\u00f6netim ve akademik de\u011ferlendirmelere ili\u015fkin g\u00f6revlerde bilimsel liyakati temel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct olarak kabul eder, temel etik kurallar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmaz ve bu kurallar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na g\u00f6z yummaz. E\u011fitimin eksik verilmesi, kopyac\u0131l\u0131k, akademik ilerleme ve \u00f6d\u00fcl j\u00fcrilerinde bilimsel liyakat \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmak, ki\u015fileri kay\u0131rmak ve benzer davran\u0131\u015flar kabul edilemez.<\/p>\n

Evrensel bilim eti\u011fi kodlar\u0131nda yeri olmayan ve ayr\u0131ca FSEY\u2019ndan da ta\u015fan \u201canonim bilgi kavram\u0131\u201d ile in\u015fa edilen s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n -her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilimsel ve etik \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi g\u00f6ze almak pahas\u0131na- ders kitab\u0131 gibi bilimsel eserlerle ilgili intihal iddialar\u0131na kadar geni\u015fletilmek istenmesi, \u00fclkemizde can \u00e7eki\u015fmekte olan bilim eti\u011finin kurtulu\u015fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnden son derece endi\u015fe vericidir. Anonim bilgi s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131 YHGK\u2019nun s\u00f6z konusu karar\u0131ndan al\u0131nan ilhamla bilimsel kitaplar\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alacak kadar geni\u015fletmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n, \u00fclkemizdeki bilim eti\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc durumunda olan uluslararas\u0131 sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa sahip kurumlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndan da \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 nedeniyle bu endi\u015fe bir umutsuzlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmekle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anonim bilgi s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, kuruldu\u011fu g\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne evrensel bilim eti\u011fi ilke ve normlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkemizde de ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011ferli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapan, bilim insanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in etik kodlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlay\u0131p ilan eden, kitaplar yay\u0131nlayan konferans ve sempozyumlar d\u00fczenleyen, \u00fclkenin uluslararas\u0131 sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz se\u00e7kin bilim kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00fcyelerince de benimsenmesi kabul edilebilecek bir olgu de\u011fildir. Bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bilim eti\u011fi normlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle kendi i\u00e7inde g\u00f6zetmesini beklemek haks\u0131zl\u0131k olmaz san\u0131r\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Gidi\u015fin, anonim bilgi s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel kitaplardan sonra, bilimsel makalelerdeki intihal ve sahtecilikleri de i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletilmesine do\u011fru oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Y\u00d6K sisteminin akademik y\u00fckseltmelerde \u201cnitelik \u00f6nemli de\u011fil, yeter ki \u00e7ok yay\u0131n yap\u201d ilkesi(zli\u011fi) devam ederken bu s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n, daha \u00e7ok intihalcinin s\u0131\u011faca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde iyice geni\u015flemesi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu gidi\u015f kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, bilim ahlak\u0131n\u0131n geride b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 olgular\u0131n giderek artaca\u011f\u0131 ku\u015fkusuzdur. \u00c7ok yaz\u0131k\u2026 Bakal\u0131m kimin akl\u0131 daha \u00f6nce ba\u015f\u0131na gelip bu gidi\u015fe son vermek \u00fczere, Akademia\u2019n\u0131n sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak isteyecek? Yoksa Y\u00d6K, \u00dcAK, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK ve T\u00dcBA gibi ilgili kurumlar ve bu kurumlar\u0131n \u201cbilimin ahlaki de\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde\u201d i\u015fletilmesinden sorumlu olan makamlar, felaketin burada a\u00e7\u0131klanan boyutlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da bir \u00f6nlem almay\u0131p \u015fimdiye kadar oldu\u011fu gibi yine susacaklar m\u0131? Yoksa \u201cen iyisi s\u0131f\u0131rdan ba\u015flamal\u0131 ve bunun i\u00e7in de 76 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine d\u00f6n\u00fcp \u2018\u00dcniversiteler M\u00fclgad\u0131r\u2019 yasas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r!\u201d demek zorunda m\u0131 kalaca\u011f\u0131z?<\/p>\n

Hay\u0131r, bu kadar karamsar olmak haks\u0131zl\u0131k olur. Unutmayal\u0131m ki \u00fclkemiz akademik ya\u015fam\u0131nda bilim ahlak\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011fini sa\u011flamaktan sorumlu kurumlar yaln\u0131zca y\u00f6neticilerinden ibaret de\u011fildir. O kurumlar, \u201cetik olmazsa bilim de olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d mesleklerinin en kutsal de\u011feri olarak i\u00e7selle\u015ftirmi\u015f bilim insanlar\u0131 sayesinde ayakta kalabilmektedir. Onlar hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz ya\u015fanmakta olan ve i\u00e7inde \u201cintihal serbestli\u011fini bar\u0131nd\u0131ran\u201d felaket kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sessiz kalmayacak ve sonu\u00e7suz kalmas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca a\u015f\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015fine gelen bu tart\u0131\u015fmalarda yerlerini koruyarak bilimsel d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011fe yeniden can vermeyi ba\u015faracaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) http:\/\/arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com\/news\/419787.asp<\/p>\n

2) http:\/\/www.fedoa.unina.it\/2317\/<\/strong><\/p>\n

3) http:\/\/www.yok.gov.tr\/content\/view\/458\/183\/lang,tr<\/p>\n

4) H. Yaz\u0131c\u0131, Cumhuriyet BT Dergisi, say\u0131 1007, 21 (2006)<\/p>\n

5) http:\/\/www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr\/html\/957.html<\/p>\n

6) \u00dc. Tekinalp, \u201c Bilim Eti\u011finin Hukuki Cephesi\u201d, Bilim Eti\u011fi Elkitab\u0131 Ed. A. Erzan, T\u00dcBA yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 75-84 (2008);<\/p>\n

7) R. \u00c7a\u011flayan, http:\/\/www.e-akademi.org\/makaleler\/rcaglayan-1.htm;<\/p>\n

8) http:\/\/tdkterim.gov.tr\/bts<\/p>\n

9) http:\/\/www.tuba.gov.tr\/duyuru.php?id=41<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gidi\u015fin, anonim bilgi s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel kitaplardan sonra, bilimsel makalelerdeki intihal ve sahtecilikleri de i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletilmesine do\u011fru oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Y\u00d6K sisteminin akademik y\u00fckseltmelerde \u201cnitelik \u00f6nemli de\u011fil, yeter ki \u00e7ok yay\u0131n yap\u201d ilkesi(zli\u011fi) devam ederken bu s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n, daha \u00e7ok intihalcinin s\u0131\u011faca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde iyice geni\u015flemesi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Kayhan Kantarl\u0131 Ege \u00dcniversitesi Fen Fak\u00fcltesi Fizik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Yaz\u0131ya […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":333,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[102,19,1,235,29],"tags":[618],"class_list":["post-9381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-65-sayi","category-bilim-gundemi","category-genel","category-guncel","category-toplum","tag-intihal"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t