{"id":9393,"date":"2009-07-01T00:36:57","date_gmt":"2009-06-30T21:36:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9393"},"modified":"2017-07-18T10:02:27","modified_gmt":"2017-07-18T07:02:27","slug":"organik-evrim-kulturel-evrim-ekseni-cevresinde-varolusculuk-yaratiliscilik-tartismasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/07\/01\/organik-evrim-kulturel-evrim-ekseni-cevresinde-varolusculuk-yaratiliscilik-tartismasi","title":{"rendered":"Organik evrim – k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim ekseni \u00e7evresinde Varolu\u015f\u00e7uluk – Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bir yontucu ile yontular\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye benzetilebilir. Ya da kuklac\u0131 ile kuklalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye. Bir yontucu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ki, yaln\u0131z yontular\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, onlar\u0131 yonttu\u011fu ta\u015flar\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, bal\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 da kendisi (yoktan) yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir kuklac\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fleyin ki, kendisinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuklalar\u0131 (on parma\u011f\u0131nda) oynatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kendi seslendirmektedir. Bir teknik geli\u015ftirmi\u015f, kuklalar\u0131 a\u011fz\u0131ndan kendi sesini iletmektedir. Burada Varolu\u015f\u00e7u\u2019nun Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131\u2019ya ele\u015ftirisi, yaradan\u0131n yontular\u0131n\u0131, kuklalar\u0131n\u0131 yoktan m\u0131 yoksa ta\u015ftan, a\u011fa\u00e7tan, bal\u00e7\u0131ktan m\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir karar vermesi olacakt\u0131r. Yan\u0131t \u201cyoktan\u201d ise, bal\u00e7\u0131\u011fa ne gerek var? Sonra, onlar\u0131 s\u00f6zle mi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na yoksa elle mi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmelidir. \u201cS\u00f6zle\u201d ise, bal\u00e7\u0131\u011fa nas\u0131l s\u00f6z ge\u00e7irebilmi\u015ftir?<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da \u201cVarolu\u015f\u00e7uluk\u201d kavram\u0131, felsefe tarihindeki( \u00f6rne\u011fin Sartre\u2019c\u0131) anlam\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, geni\u015f anlam\u0131yla kullan\u0131lacak. \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 olarak al\u0131nacak. Yine de, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Varolu\u015f\u00e7u felsefenin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u00f6nermeleri ile \u00e7a\u011fd\u0131\u015f\u0131 Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 tektanr\u0131c\u0131 dinin temel inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f-Varolu\u015f tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunabilir.<\/p>\n

Dinsel Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ile felsefi Varolu\u015f\u00e7uluk kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n insan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine ve eylemine getirebilece\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar daha iyi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Varolu\u015f\u00e7ulu\u011fun a\u00e7abilece\u011fi ufuklar daha a\u00e7\u0131k olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir. Felsefi anlamda Varolu\u015f\u00e7ulu\u011fa yaln\u0131zca bu ba\u011flamda de\u011finmekle yetinilecek. Yaz\u0131 boyunca geni\u015f anlamda Varolu\u015f\u00e7uluk \u00fczerinde durulacak. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f-Varolu\u015f tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, daha \u00e7ok (\u201cbiyolojik evrim\u201d de denen) organik evrim ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim olgular\u0131n\u0131n etkile\u015fiminin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 eksenine oturtulacak. Bunlar\u0131n tarih s\u0131ras\u0131na g\u00f6re ele al\u0131nmas\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, Varolu\u015f\u00e7u bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 ufuklar, b\u00f6ylece, bir bir g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olacak.<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 \u201ckul insan\u201d inanc\u0131 <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc (hele onun \u201cyoktan, s\u00f6zle, toptan yarat\u0131\u015f\u201d bi\u00e7imi) (1) bir yontucu ile yontular\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye benzetilebilir. Ya da kuklac\u0131 ile kuklalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler \u00f6rne\u011finden yararlan\u0131larak a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Bir yontucu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ki, yaln\u0131z yontular\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, onlar\u0131 yonttu\u011fu, kentti\u011fi ta\u015flar\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, bal\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 da kendisi (yoktan) yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir kuklac\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fleyin ki, kendisinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuklalar\u0131 (on parma\u011f\u0131nda) oynatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kendi seslendirmektedir. Bir teknik geli\u015ftirmi\u015f, kuklalar\u0131 a\u011fz\u0131ndan kendi sesini iletmektedir.<\/p>\n

Burada Varolu\u015f\u00e7u\u2019nun Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131\u2019ya ele\u015ftirisi, yaradan\u0131n yontular\u0131n\u0131, kuklalar\u0131n\u0131 yoktan m\u0131 yoksa ta\u015ftan, a\u011fa\u00e7tan, bal\u00e7\u0131ktan m\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir karar vermesi olacakt\u0131r. Yan\u0131t \u201cyoktan\u201d ise, bal\u00e7\u0131\u011fa ne gerek var? Sonra, onlar\u0131 s\u00f6zle mi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na yoksa elle mi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmelidir. \u201cS\u00f6zle\u201d ise, bal\u00e7\u0131\u011fa nas\u0131l s\u00f6z ge\u00e7irebilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n

Yaradan\u0131n yaratma i\u015fini alt\u0131 g\u00fcnde bitirdikten sonra yedinci g\u00fcnde dinlendi\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cKafas\u0131 yoruldu\u011fu i\u00e7in mi, bedeni yoruldu\u011fu i\u00e7in mi?\u201d Varolu\u015f\u00e7unun Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131ya y\u00f6neltebilece\u011fi bir ba\u015fka soru: \u201cYaratma eylemi, \u00fcretme eylemi gibi saatler, g\u00fcnler, haftalar alabilen bir i\u015f midir? Yoksa \u2018zaman d\u0131\u015f\u0131\u2019 ya da \u2018anl\u0131k\u2019 bir etkinlik mi?\u201d Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar bu sorulara kolay kolay akla yatk\u0131n, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe uygun ve kendi aralar\u0131nda tutarl\u0131 yan\u0131tlar veremeyecektir.<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u201ckutsal\u201d dedikleri kitaplar\u0131na (Kutsal Kitap<\/em> ve Kur\u2019an<\/em> metinlerine) dayanarak Yaradan\u2019\u0131n ve yaratt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlenebilir: Yetkin (m\u00fckemmel) olan Yaradan, yaratma i\u015fini (yetkin s\u00fcrede) (2) bitirdikten sonra, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u201c\u00e7ok iyi\u201d (3) oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ki bu da yarat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u201cyetkin\u201d oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. Yetkin yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131t\u0131 bunun gerisinde kalamaz. Bitkiler, hayvanlar, insan, cinler, o g\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yetkin (kamil) bi\u00e7imleriyle, de\u011fi\u015fmeden s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

Varolu\u015f\u00e7ular, bu a\u00e7\u0131klama kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lara, evrende bir yanda yeni g\u00f6kcisimleri olu\u015furken \u00f6te yanda eskilerinin s\u00fcpernovaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilip bilmediklerini soracaklard\u0131r. Onlardan \u201cbiliyorsan\u0131z \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f astronominin bu bulgular\u0131yla s\u00f6z konusu inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 nas\u0131l uzla\u015ft\u0131rabileceksiniz?\u201d gibi sorular\u0131n\u0131 (tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 uzatmamak i\u00e7in) bir yana b\u0131rakmalar\u0131n\u0131 isteyelim. \u201cTanr\u0131sal adalet\u201d sorununa ge\u00e7elim.<\/p>\n

Yetkinlik-adaletsizlik \u00e7eli\u015fkisi<\/strong>: Varolu\u015f\u00e7ular bu durumda, insanlar aras\u0131 ve insan ile do\u011fa aras\u0131 \u201cili\u015fkilere\u201d y\u00f6nelteceklerdir sorular\u0131n\u0131: \u201cBunlar (\u00f6rne\u011fin k\u00f6lelik, uyrukluk da) de\u011fi\u015fmeyen, de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemesi gereken \u2018yetkin ili\u015fkiler\u2019 midir?\u201d Bu sorunun uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak: \u201cYaratt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan yaratan m\u0131 yarat\u0131lan m\u0131 sorumludur?\u201d \u00d6rne\u011fin bir yontucunun, mermer yontusunun burnunu, \u201ce\u011fri\u201d diye bir \u00e7eki\u00e7 vuru\u015fuyla k\u0131rarak \u201ccezaland\u0131rmas\u0131\u201d do\u011fru mudur? (4)<\/p>\n

Yaradan, \u201cher yerde bulunan\u201d, \u201cher \u015feyi bilen\u201d, \u201cg\u00fcc\u00fc her \u015feye yeten\u201d (5) ise, d\u00fcnyada canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ektikleri ac\u0131lar g\u00f6zlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor olmal\u0131. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 da g\u00f6rm\u00fcyor olamaz. Ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n ve adaletsizliklerin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn (Ha\u00e7l\u0131larda ve cihadlarda oldu\u011fu gibi) kendi ad\u0131na yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyor mu? Sorumlular\u0131n \u00f6te d\u00fcnyada cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacaklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6ylenmesi, kullar\u0131n\u0131 bu d\u00fcnyada k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckten al\u0131koyabiliyor mu? Kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131lar\u0131na bu d\u00fcnyada (\u00f6lerek kurtulmalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) son verebiliyor mu?<\/p>\n

Sorumluluk ve ceza sorunu<\/strong>: \u00d6te yandan haks\u0131zl\u0131k edenlerin (bu d\u00fcnyada cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015fsalar) \u00f6te d\u00fcnyada cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacaklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6ylenmesi ne anlama gelir? Bu d\u00fcnyada yetkinsizliklerin bulundu\u011funun kabul edilmesi anlam\u0131na gelmez mi? \u201cG\u00fcnahs\u0131z\u201d (6) bir bebe\u011fe bula\u015fan vir\u00fcs\u00fcn \u00e7ocuk felcine, bir bakterinin menenjite yol a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n \u201csorumlusu\u201d kim? Vir\u00fcsler, bakteriler mi? Onlar\u0131n verdi\u011fi zararlar\u0131n ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bu d\u00fcnyada ya\u015famlar\u0131 boyunca \u00e7ekenler ne olacak? Onlar i\u00e7in \u201ctazminatlar\u0131n\u0131n\u201d \u00f6te d\u00fcnyada \u00f6denmesinden ba\u015fka yap\u0131labilecek bir \u015fey yok mu?<\/p>\n

Kendilerine, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yapacaklar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerin bu d\u00fcnyada, olmazsa \u00f6te d\u00fcnyada hesab\u0131n\u0131n sorulaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen kimselere gelince: Onlara yetkin yaradan kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendilerini \u201csavunma hakk\u0131\u201d tan\u0131nacak m\u0131? \u00d6rne\u011fin \u015f\u00f6yle bir savunma \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlarsa ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanacaklar m\u0131?: \u201cYaradan\u0131m, beni bal\u00e7\u0131ktan yapmad\u0131n m\u0131? Bal\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 da sen yaratmad\u0131n m\u0131? Onun i\u00e7ine, kendi ruhundan \u00fcfleyerek (7) ruhumu sen sokmad\u0131n m\u0131? Yaratan yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ne yap\u0131p ne yapmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmez mi? B\u00f6ylece \u201cyazg\u0131m\u0131\u201d do\u011fmadan yazm\u0131\u015f olmuyor musun? Bu durumda, yapt\u0131klar\u0131mla buyru\u011funa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmamdan s\u00f6z edilebilir mi? Tersine, bana yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 (buyruklar\u0131n\u0131, buyurduklar\u0131n\u0131) yerine getirmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmam gerekmez mi?<\/p>\n

Tart\u0131\u015fma daha da uzat\u0131labilir. Bu kadar\u0131 bile Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n mant\u0131ksal tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermekte. Felsefi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymakta. Felsefenin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, sorumluluk, mutluluk gibi etik sorunlar\u0131na doyurucu yan\u0131tlar veremediklerini kan\u0131tlamakta. Ama as\u0131l kusurlar\u0131 insan\u0131n \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u201d \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0131kamalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 varolu\u015f\u00e7u insan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131p a\u015fmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Varolu\u015f\u00e7u \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr insan\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Varolu\u015f\u00e7u d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr\u201d ve \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131\u201d ama ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201csorumlu\u201d insan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n dile getirildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bunu anlamak i\u00e7in felsefi anlamda varolu\u015f\u00e7u bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn savlar\u0131na bakmak yetebilir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcr ama sorumlu insan<\/strong>: \u00d6rne\u011fin Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) \u201c\u0130nsan, yarat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f varolmu\u015ftur. Varolu\u015fu, insan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce gelir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insan kendi \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc, kendi i\u00e7eri\u011fini kendisi yarat\u0131r\u201d (8) bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6zetlenebilecek \u201cVarolu\u015f\u00e7u\u201d savlar ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu noktada kalmay\u0131p, insan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnden, eylemlerinden bir yarat\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 sorumlu tutarak yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundan kendini kurtaramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Sorumlulu\u011funu, insan\u0131n, yaln\u0131zca kendi eylemlerinden de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n eylemlerinden kendini sorumlu g\u00f6rmesi, sorumlu tutulabilmesi noktas\u0131na dek a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yaradan\u2019dan \u00f6zg\u00fcr yarat\u0131c\u0131 insan<\/strong>: Bu anlay\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re insan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve eylemlerinde (bir yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan) \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u201d. \u0130nsan ayn\u0131 zamanda, canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar aras\u0131nda tek \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. Varolan maddenin bi\u00e7imini de\u011fi\u015ftirip ona yeni nitelikler kazand\u0131rabilmesi anlam\u0131nda, yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bununla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Varolan nesnelerin, olaylar\u0131n simgeleri yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kafas\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f do\u011fada kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan simgeleri yaratabilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri \u201cyoktan var etme\u201d noktas\u0131na dek uzanmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini (\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla, \u00f6teki insanlarla ili\u015fkileriyle, kolektif \u00e7abayla) uygulamaya koymas\u0131yla, nesneler d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda (\u00f6rne\u011fin teknoloji, sanat alanlar\u0131nda) yarat\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar, yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131tlar ortaya koyabilmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, t\u00fcm bu \u00f6zg\u00fcr, yarat\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden ve eylemlerinden dolay\u0131 (insan\u00fcst\u00fc bir yarat\u0131c\u0131 ya da onun gibi herhangi bir \u201ca\u015fk\u0131n \u00f6zne\u201d kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fil) kendine (vicdan\u0131na) ve \u00f6teki insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 (etik) sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6yle bir \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr insan\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n (Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u201ckul insan\u201d inanc\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak) insanlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne serece\u011fi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ufuklar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fini bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. B\u00f6yle bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bizi, insan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne (Edwin Hubble\u2019\u0131n \u201cgeni\u015fleyen evren\u201d kuram\u0131ndan al\u0131nabilecek esinle) yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a geni\u015fleyen bir ufuk serece\u011fi sonucuna g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilecektir!<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ele\u015ftirisi<\/strong>: Bu noktada Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc vuru\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in pusuda bekledikleri f\u0131rsat\u0131 yakalad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcneceklerdir: \u201c\u0130nsana \u2018\u00f6zg\u00fcr\u2019 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini vermek, hele onu bir \u2018yarat\u0131c\u0131\u2019 diye Tanr\u0131 yerine koymaya kalkmak, \u015eeytan\u2019a uymakt\u0131r. Bu, insan\u0131n \u2018yokedicili\u011fi\u2019 \u00f6n\u00fcndeki, Rab sevgisi, Tanr\u0131 korkusu, \u00f6ted\u00fcnya sorgusu gibi engelleri kald\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n tam tersine, \u2018y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k\u2019 alan\u0131nda ufuklar a\u00e7maktan ba\u015fka bir kazan\u00e7 getirmeyecektir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu konuda, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n her anlamda yarat\u0131c\u0131 etkinliklerinin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan \u201cgen terapi\u201d, hem yetkin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f, hem \u201ctanr\u0131 rol\u00fc oynamaya kalkan insan \u00e7arp\u0131l\u0131r\u201d savlar\u0131na yan\u0131t olacakt\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten, bug\u00fcn genleriyle oynanarak kal\u0131tsal meme kanserine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir bebek ana karn\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u201cAllah \u00e7arpt\u0131, cin \u00e7arpt\u0131\u201d denen Parkinsonluyu, fel\u00e7liyi kurtaracak (k\u00f6k h\u00fccre aktarma gibi) d\u00fczeltme y\u00f6ntemleri yoldad\u0131r!<\/p>\n

Maddesiz varl\u0131k var m\u0131?<\/strong>: Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6neltilebilecek kesin bir bilimsel sav da \u201cruh\u201d denen \u015feyin \u201ccanl\u0131l\u0131k\u201d, \u201cduygululuk\u201d, \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelilik\u201d niteliklerinin toplam\u0131ndan olu\u015ftu\u011fudur. Bunlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ise beynin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u0131ms\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fudur. Beyin (\u00f6l\u00fcmle) \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcnce bu niteliklerden s\u00f6z edilemeyece\u011fidir. \u00d6zetle evren, ruhtan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z maddelerle doluyken, maddeden (ve onun bir bi\u00e7imi olan enerjiden) ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z (maddesiz) hi\u00e7bir varl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u015fimdiye dek (ne yarat\u0131lan ne yaratan) ne bir cin, ne bir ruh, ne bir maddesiz \u201ca\u015fk\u0131n \u00f6zne\u201d ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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  1. MADDEN\u0130N EVR\u0130M\u0130 \u00dcZER\u0130NE YARATILI\u015e\u00c7I-EVR\u0130MC\u0130 TARTI\u015eMASI<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Maddeye, evrene bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bi\u00e7imi (Varolu\u015f\u00e7ulara g\u00f6re) bir yaradan eliyle verilmi\u015f de\u011fildir. \u00d6yle olsayd\u0131, cans\u0131z maddelerde, tarih boyunca yinelenmeden \u00f6te bir de\u011fi\u015fme, karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fma g\u00f6r\u00fclmezdi. Ya da, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131na uygun belli hedeflere ula\u015fma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u201cereksel\u201d davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Oysa atomundan g\u00f6kcisimlerine maddelerin (bildi\u011fimiz) devinimlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (bilimsel) \u201cnedenler\u201d ile a\u00e7\u0131klanabilmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla yetinilmemekte, sonu\u00e7tan sorumlu nedenler, insan isten\u00e7 ve eylemiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece cans\u0131z do\u011fada istenmeyen sonu\u00e7lar \u00f6nlenip, istenen sonu\u00e7lar elde edilebilmektedir. Bunun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, \u201cg\u00f6kcisimlerinin d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmak; g\u00f6kleri s\u00fcslemek, g\u00fcnleri hesaplamak amac\u0131yla yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d inanc\u0131n\u0131 (9) nas\u0131l kan\u0131tlayabilirler ki? Periyodik G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131 nedir? Kutup b\u00f6lgelerinde alt\u0131 aya dek varan g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri ve geceleri (d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kendi \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ekseninin 23,5 derecelik e\u011fimi nedenini atlay\u0131p) nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klayabilirler ki?<\/p>\n

    Evrenin Evrimci a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Evrenin deviniminin \u201cevrimci\u201d denebilecek a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, seksen y\u0131l \u00f6nce (1929\u2019da) Amerikal\u0131 g\u00f6kbilimci Edwin Hubble taraf\u0131ndan \u201ckan\u0131tland\u0131r\u0131larak\u201d yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gezegenlerin ve galaksilerin g\u00f6zlemevlerinden (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla biz de bir gezegende bulun\u011fumuza g\u00f6re birbirlerinden) giderek daha fazla uzakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131, renklerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen, uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a \u201ck\u0131z\u0131la kayma\u201d olgusundan gidilerek saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu saptamadan gidilerek ise, g\u00f6kcisimlerinin, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, ge\u00e7en zamanla ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak birbirlerine daha yak\u0131n bulunacaklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki bu mant\u0131k insan\u0131, onlar\u0131n \u201cen uzak ge\u00e7mi\u015fte\u201d ayn\u0131 noktada birlikte bulunacaklar\u0131 sonucuna g\u00f6t\u00fcrecektir. Hubble\u2019\u0131n bu \u201cgeni\u015fleyen evren\u201d kuram\u0131ndan, maddenin devinimini ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bi\u00e7imini \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama\u201d denen \u201cvarsay\u0131msal\u201d bir olayla ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Fizikte bu varsay\u0131m\u0131 destekleyen (\u00e7ok y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131larda olu\u015fan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar gibi) ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra CERN ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yeni ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bulunaca\u011f\u0131 beklentisiyle ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 13,7 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce: B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama<\/strong>: Evrenin varolu\u015f tarihi, astrofizik\u00e7ilerce, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan kaynaklarda yaz\u0131landan (canl\u0131lar\u0131n ve insan\u0131n M\u00d6 4004 y\u0131l\u0131nda yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sav\u0131ndan) \u00e7ok daha \u00f6ncelere konmaktad\u0131r. Muhammed ile Adem\u2019in yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131nda 6013 y\u0131l bulundu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131ndan da bir o kadar gerilere at\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (10).<\/p>\n

    Kimi (k\u00f6ktendinci) Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama kuram\u0131n\u0131 ve tarihini toptan yads\u0131ma yolunu se\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. Kimileri (\u00f6rne\u011fin kendilerine \u201cBilimsel Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u201d diyenler) maddenin ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n (\u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131\u201d i\u00e7indeki gibi) milyonlarca, milyarlarca eskili\u011fini kabul edip sorunu \u201ckim patlatt\u0131\u201dya getirmek istemektedirler. Onlar ise, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinde referans ald\u0131klar\u0131 kaynaklara dayan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan (yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan en fazla 6-7 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine koyan) hesaplar\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmektedirler.<\/p>\n

    Kim patlatt\u0131 sorusuna Evrimcilerin verebilece\u011fi yan\u0131t a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle olacakt\u0131r: Evrim (Darwin\u2019in zaman\u0131ndaki gibi kuram de\u011ferinde bir varsay\u0131m olmaktan \u00f6te) art\u0131k \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bilimin kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 (hatta laboratuvarda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131) bir olgu iken (11) B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama evrim gibi kan\u0131tlanabilmi\u015f bir ger\u00e7ek de\u011fildir. H\u00e2l\u00e2 bir varsay\u0131m, bir kuram durumundad\u0131r. Madde ve devinimi hakk\u0131ndaki bug\u00fcne dek sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bilimsel bilgi birikimimiz bizi bu varsay\u0131ma dek getirip b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Bundan \u00f6teye g\u00f6t\u00fcrmemektedir. Maddenin bug\u00fcnk\u00fcnden farkl\u0131 varl\u0131k ve \u00f6rg\u00fctleni\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunabilece\u011fi \u201cpatlama \u00f6ncesi\u201dni, bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in bilemiyoruz. Belki hi\u00e7bir zaman bilemeyece\u011fiz. Bunun \u201cbilimsel d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck\u201d gere\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmesi, \u201cak\u0131l t\u00fckendi\u201d denerek iman alan\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmesini gerektirmez. Bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte, bilinmeyenden gidilerek (dinde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi) inan\u00e7la, mutlak do\u011fru say\u0131lan bir bilgiye (yoktan vara) s\u0131\u00e7ranamaz. Bilinmeyenle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca tak\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bilimsel, etik tutum, \u201catmak\u201d de\u011fil \u201csusmak\u201d olmal\u0131d\u0131r (12).<\/p>\n

    Kimi \u201cBilimsel Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d (!) yanl\u0131lar\u0131, \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d kitab\u0131ndaki yarat\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131 ile maddenin, canl\u0131lar\u0131n ve insan\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilimcilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralaman\u0131n \u201cayn\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmektedirler. Bunun yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemekte, bununla bilimin dinle uzla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 savlar\u0131na destek aramaktad\u0131rlar. Acaba ger\u00e7ek s\u00f6yledikleri gibi mi? (13)<\/p>\n

    Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 4,6 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nceleri: Yerk\u00fcre\u2019nin G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten koparak olu\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>: Yerk\u00fcre\u2019nin (Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f mitosunda yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi G\u00fcne\u015f ile birlikte ayn\u0131 g\u00fcnde de\u011fil) G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten koparak sonra olu\u015ftu\u011fu (B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama gibi bir kuram de\u011fil) yerle\u015fmi\u015f bir bilimsel ger\u00e7ektir. Cans\u0131z maddenin evrimiyle ilgili bilimsel saptamalar yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan t\u00fcmden ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in, Ay\u2019\u0131n ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n, yarat\u0131\u015f\u0131n 4. g\u00fcn\u00fcnde (Yerk\u00fcre\u2019nin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 1., 2. ve 3. g\u00fcnlerde tamamlan\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra) g\u00f6klere yerle\u015ftirilmelerinin astrofizikte g\u00f6kcisimlerinin olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131yla uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilmesi olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Ya vir\u00fcslerin, bakterilerin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ilgili konular dinsel kitaplarda neden bulunmamaktad\u0131r? (14) Bu zararl\u0131lar\u0131n, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 her \u015feyin iyi, g\u00fczel ve yararl\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lan bir tanr\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, \u015feytan\u0131n yarat\u0131\u011f\u0131 olduklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in olabilir mi?<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. CANLILARIN EVR\u0130M\u0130N\u0130N \u0130NSANIN K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL EVR\u0130M\u0130NE YAPACA\u011eI ETK\u0130LER<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Canl\u0131lar\u0131n evriminin (yani canl\u0131 cans\u0131z aras\u0131 varl\u0131klar olan vir\u00fcslerin, tek h\u00fccreli bakterilerin, \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli bitkilerin, hayvanlar\u0131n, ne bitkiler ne hayvanlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7ine sokulabilen mantarlar\u0131n varolu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve evrimlerinin) insan\u0131n hem organik hem k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimine pek \u00e7ok ve \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli etkileri olmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k-Evrimcilik tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve organik evrim-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim etkile\u015fimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan birka\u00e7\u0131na de\u011finmeden olmaz.<\/p>\n

      Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 4-3,5 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi bir tarih: Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0130lksel ya\u015fam\u0131n en eski fosille\u015fmi\u015f izleriyle, Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n silis kayal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n 3,5 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce olu\u015fmu\u015f katmanlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bu sav do\u011fruysa canl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa bundan \u00f6nceki bir tarihte ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f olmal\u0131 (15).<\/p>\n

      Maddenin evrimi<\/strong>: Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015fin bir tans\u0131k (en yal\u0131n elementlerin do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc bir d\u0131\u015f etkiyle bir araya gelip, karma\u015f\u0131k bile\u015fikler olu\u015fturmalar\u0131yla bir anda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bir \u201cmucize\u201d) olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek gerek. Maddelerin tepkile\u015fmesinin \u201czaman i\u00e7inde\u201d ve \u201cgiderek daha fazla karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fma\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu bilimsel saptamas\u0131, bize onlar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi hakk\u0131nda bir \u00e7\u0131karsama olana\u011f\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r: Yerkabu\u011fu (ve buzul kitleleri) \u00fczerinde daha eski katmanlara do\u011fru inildik\u00e7e, daha yal\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n fosilleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131nda bulunulabilir. Jeolojik sondajlar bu varsay\u0131m\u0131 do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. Buna bak\u0131larak, yaln\u0131zca canl\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fil, cans\u0131z maddelerin de \u201cyal\u0131ndan giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lara do\u011fru\u201d bir t\u00fcr \u201cevrim\u201d ge\u00e7irdikleri ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Fizik, kimya bu sav\u0131 onaylamakta:<\/p>\n

      Fizik\u00e7iler ve kimyac\u0131lar, astrofizik\u00e7iler, maddenin ilk \u201cbi\u00e7iminin\u201d tek protonlu tek elektronlu Hidrojen atomunun olu\u015fumuyla ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde birle\u015fiyorlar. Hidrojen\u2019in Helyum\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtiyorlar. D\u00f6rt Helyum atomunun birle\u015fmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Karbon\u2019a s\u0131ra gelince maddenin bu evrimiyle biyokimyac\u0131lar, biyologlar da ilgilenmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Karbon-Hidrojen (\u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli) bile\u015fiklerinin \u201cHidrokarbonlar\u201d ad\u0131 verilen daha da karma\u015f\u0131k bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fmeleriyle canl\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, bilimciler aras\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r basmakta.<\/p>\n

      S\u00f6z konusu Hidrokarbonlardan olan (organik maddelerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan) metan, organik (canl\u0131) varl\u0131klar\u0131n biyokimyasal yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bu karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fma d\u00fczeyine evrinen maddelerden, biyokimyasal tepkimeler (reaksiyonlar) sonucunda, molek\u00fcler yap\u0131s\u0131 (kovalant ba\u011flar\u0131 yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re) kopyalanan \u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc maddelere, yani canl\u0131ya ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmekte. Bu \u201colgunun\u201d ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve zaman\u0131, organik kimyan\u0131n en \u00e7ekici ara\u015ft\u0131rma alanlar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu alanda yap\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli deneyden s\u00f6z edilebilir:<\/p>\n

      1953 Urey-Miller deneyi.<\/p>\n

      1983 Jefferey Bada deneyi.<\/p>\n

      1998 G\u00f6zen Erdem ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n deneyleri.<\/p>\n

      \"\"
      Stanley Miller (laboratuarda) ve Urey-Miller deneyinin d\u00fczene\u011fi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

      Miller-Bada-Erdem deneyleri: <\/strong>\u0130ngiliz bilgini Haldane ve Sovyet bilgini Oparin, 1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda, proteinlerin yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u201chidrokarbonlar\u201d denen biyokimyasal bile\u015fikler oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

      Amerikal\u0131 Harold Urey ile ara\u015ft\u0131rma arkada\u015f\u0131 Stanley Miller ise, kimyasal ad\u0131 \u201caminoasitler\u201d olan proteinlerin, hangi cans\u0131z (inorganik) elementlerden hangi ko\u015fullarda sentezlenmi\u015f olabilece\u011fini, 1953\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri laboratuvar deneyleriyle ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u0130\u00e7inde volkanlardan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclen gazlar\u0131n da bol bol bulunaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen ilksel atmosferde bulunabilecek gazlar\u0131 ald\u0131lar. \u0130lksel okyanus i\u00e7inde erimi\u015f durumda bulunaca\u011f\u0131 (Oparin\u2019in daha \u00f6nce \u201cilksel seyreltik \u00e7orba\u201d diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131) bu gazlar kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bir t\u00fcpe koydular. Onu, bir hafta s\u00fcreyle, ilksel \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullar (s\u00fcrekli \u015fim\u015fek \u00e7akmalar\u0131) benzeri ( 60 bin vatl\u0131k gerilim \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc elektrik de\u015farjlar\u0131) alt\u0131nda tuttular. Deney tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fcp\u00fcn dibinde, glisin, alanin ile aspartik asit ve glutamik asit olarak, d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 t\u00fcrden aminoasit molek\u00fclleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar (16).<\/p>\n

      Deneye, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7evreler (yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bakmayan evrimci bilimsel \u00e7abalar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan bilgileri kullanarak) kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar: \u0130lksel ko\u015fullarda (o tarihte) serbest oksijen daha olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu olgu, t\u00fcpteki oksijenin tepkimeye kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi bu deneyi, savlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ancak, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bilmedikleri (ya da bildirmedikleri) nokta, bu t\u00fcr deneylerin onunla kalmay\u0131p s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, daha sonrakilerin serbest oksijensiz ortamlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Ger\u00e7ekten, \u00f6rne\u011fin 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yine ABD\u2019de Jefferey Bada, \u00e7evrime oksijeni sokmadan su buhar\u0131 ile bir ad\u0131 da \u201cgrizu\u201d olan, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclen organiklerden sal\u0131nan \u201cmetan\u201d gaz\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir deney ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7 bekleneni verdi: T\u00fcpte 10\u2019u daha \u00f6nceki deneylerde hi\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f 22 aminoasit ve 5 amin molek\u00fcl\u00fc olu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

      Bada, bu deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, Urey-Miller deneyinin \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f t\u00fcplerindeki tortular\u0131 da ileri teknolojiyle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyerek buldu\u011fu (Urey-Miller\u2019in bile bilmedikleri) bulgularla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirisini 2007\u2019de Amerikan Kimyac\u0131lar Birli\u011fi \u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131 (17).<\/p>\n

      \"\"
      Jefferey Bada, Urey-Miller deneyini daha ilerilere g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

      Aralar\u0131nda G\u00f6zen Erdem\u2019in de bulundu\u011fu bir grup ise, DNA ve RNA gibi genetik n\u00fckleik asitleri sentezleme ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 ony\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llara varmadan, ilk canl\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunda ba\u015frol\u00fc oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen RNA\u2019n\u0131n (Ribo N\u00fckleik Asit -eninde sonunda bir asit- molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn) 52 halkal\u0131k zincirinin 14\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc sentezlemi\u015f bulunmalar\u0131 vard\u0131r (18).<\/p>\n

      \u201cYarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7\u201d canl\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde de\u011fil i\u00e7inde aranmal\u0131<\/strong>: Bu deneyler ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f biyokimya bilgilerimiz \u015funu g\u00f6steriyor: Cans\u0131z maddeden canl\u0131ya ge\u00e7ilmesi i\u00e7in madde d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir g\u00fcc\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerekmemektedir. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f biyokimya, elementlerin, kimyasal (kovalant ba\u011flar\u0131) yasalar\u0131na uygun bi\u00e7imde, yal\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131lardan karma\u015f\u0131k \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bile\u015fiklerin yap\u0131lar\u0131na ge\u00e7ecek y\u00f6nde de\u011fi\u015febildiklerini (\u00e7oktan) g\u00f6stermi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu, \u015fu anda da olu\u015fan ve i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir: Sindirdi\u011fimiz besinler, karbonhidrat gibi daha yal\u0131n molek\u00fcllerine b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fcyor mu? Sonra spermay\u0131, ov\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturacak s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle bedenimizde sentezlenmiyorlar m\u0131? \u00d6yleyse, do\u011fadaki cans\u0131z ve bir zamanlar\u0131n canl\u0131 (ama art\u0131k cans\u0131z) sistemleri i\u00e7indeki maddeleri canl\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ge\u00e7iren, onlar\u0131 (sperma gibi) devindiren (d\u00f6llenmi\u015f yumurtac\u0131k olan zigot gibi) \u00fcreten g\u00fc\u00e7ler i\u00e7imizdedir. \u00d6yle ki (genetik kodlar\u0131 gere\u011fi beyin h\u00fccrelerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcren, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler\u201d \u00fcrettiren organik yap\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r. Do\u011fada cans\u0131zlar\u0131n ve \u00f6teki canl\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirecek \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 eylemler\u201d yapmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayan g\u00fc\u00e7, canl\u0131n\u0131n, insan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda biri de\u011fildir. Demek ki, yap\u0131c\u0131, yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7(ler) canl\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde, h\u00fccrelerinde, \u00e7ekirdeklerinde, genlerinde, genlerinin molek\u00fcllerindeki (karma\u015f\u0131k bile\u015fikler olu\u015fturabilecek yap\u0131lar\u0131yla) \u201cgizilg\u00fc\u00e7lerde\u201d aranmal\u0131d\u0131r!<\/p>\n

      B\u00f6yle bir aray\u0131\u015f, doktoralar\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n en verimli ony\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 adayan y\u00fczbinlerce bilimcinin bulgular\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Bu hedefe y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar, onlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli dallarda y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda ula\u015f\u0131lan bilgi birikimine dayand\u0131r\u0131lmadan ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamaz. Bilimcilerin bu ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kavrayabilecek konumda bulunmayan Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 dincilerin i\u015fi kolay! Evrenin, canl\u0131lar\u0131n ve insan\u0131n yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kitaptan okumakla yetiniyorlar. Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, insan\u0131n varolu\u015fu ile ilgili \u201cger\u00e7ekleri\u201d (?) de tek bir kitaptan \u00e7\u0131karabiliyorlar: Hatta yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n kesin tarihini bile verebiliyorlar: M\u00d6 4004 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ekim ay\u0131n\u0131n 23. g\u00fcn\u00fc olan Cumartesi, saat tam 9\u2019da! (19) \u0130ster inan\u0131n ister inanmay\u0131n. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n verdi\u011fine benzer kesin bir tarihi Evrimciler verememektedir. Bununla birlikte, yeni bulgular, yeni bilgiler topland\u0131k\u00e7a, canl\u0131n\u0131n varolu\u015f tarihi ile ilgili kestirmelerinin alt ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n (4-3,5 milyar aras\u0131n\u0131n) daralt\u0131labilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

      Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 1,2 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi dolaylar\u0131: Cinsel \u00fcremeye ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Varl\u0131k, canl\u0131l\u0131k, insanl\u0131k hakk\u0131ndaki hemen her \u00f6nemli konuda Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar ile Evrimciler aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Erkek ile di\u015finin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da z\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu konuda da Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar ereksel, Evrimciler nedensel a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta ereksel a\u00e7\u0131klama<\/strong>: Kutsal Kitap<\/em> i\u00e7inde (H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n da benimsedi\u011fi) Tevrat<\/em> kitab\u0131nda (Eski Ahit olarak da bilinen \u201cEski Antla\u015fma\u201dda) erkek ve kad\u0131n cinslerinin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda, bir sayfa ara ile iki farkl\u0131 anlat\u0131m var. \u0130lkinde (\u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d kitab\u0131, b\u00f6l\u00fcm 1\/27\u2019de) Rab\u2019bin, yarat\u0131\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131nc\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde insan\u0131 kendi suretinde ve \u201cerkek ve di\u015fi olarak\u201d yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisinde (b\u00f6l. 2\/7\u2019de) Rab Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (ki \u201cRab\u201d \u201cefendi\u201d, \u201cmal sahibi\u201d demektir) Adem\u2019i topraktan yarat\u0131p burnuna \u201cya\u015fam solu\u011fu\u201d \u00fcfleyerek onu ya\u015fayan varl\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir. Sonra (2\/8\u2019de) \u201cdo\u011fuda\u201d bir yer olan (i\u00e7lerinden birinin \u201cF\u0131rat\u201d birinin \u201cDicle\u201d oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen d\u00f6rt kola ayr\u0131lacak bir \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131) Aden\u2019de bir bah\u00e7e dikip \u201cbaks\u0131n ve korusun\u201d diye (hizmet\u00e7i olarak) b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Daha sonra Adem\u2019in yaln\u0131z kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u201ciyi bulmay\u0131p\u201d (?) ona uygun bir \u201cyard\u0131mc\u0131\u201d olmas\u0131 (hizmet etmesi?) i\u00e7in \u201cderin bir uyku (20) verdikten\u201d sonra kaburga kemiklerinden birini al\u0131p yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kad\u0131n\u0131 Adem\u2019e getirdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      Cinsiyete Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131-Evrimci bak\u0131\u015f fark\u0131: <\/strong>Bundan sonras\u0131, bilinen yasak meyveyi yeme ve cennetten kovulma \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc. Pek bilinmeyen Adem\u2019i g\u00fcnaha kand\u0131ran Havva\u2019n\u0131n Adem\u2019inkinden daha a\u011f\u0131r bir cezaya \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r: \u201c\u00c7ocuk do\u011fururken sana \u00e7ok ac\u0131 \u00e7ektirece\u011fim\u2026 Kocana istek duyacaks\u0131n. Seni o y\u00f6netecek.\u201d<\/p>\n

      Gerisini (mektuplar\u0131 Yeni Antla\u015fma=\u0130ncil<\/em> i\u00e7ine al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ki\u015fi, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n as\u0131l kurucusu olan) Tarsuslu Pavlus tamamlamakta: \u201cKad\u0131n\u0131n (kilisede) \u00f6\u011fretmesine ve erke\u011fe egemen olmas\u0131na izin vermiyorum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6nce Adem yarat\u0131ld\u0131 sonra Havva.\u201d (\u0130ncil <\/em>\u201cPavlus\u2019tan Timoteos\u2019a Birinci Mektup\u201d, 2\/12\u201314) Ve \u201cerkek kad\u0131n i\u00e7in yarat\u0131lmad\u0131, ama kad\u0131n erkek i\u00e7in (erke\u011fe yard\u0131mc\u0131, hizmet\u00e7i olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in) yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u201d (\u201cPavlus\u2019tan Korintlilere Birinci Mektup\u201d, 11\/5\u20139). Pavlus, kad\u0131n\u0131n kilisede ba\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k dua etmesini istememektedir. \u201c\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc erkek, Tanr\u0131 benzeri ve y\u00fcceli\u011fidir\u201d. O\u2019na g\u00f6re, erke\u011fin kad\u0131n gibi utan\u0131p kad\u0131n gibi ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtmesine gerek yoktur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201caldat\u0131lan da Adem de\u011fildi, kad\u0131n aldat\u0131l\u0131p su\u00e7 i\u015fledi\u201d.<\/p>\n

      Tevrat<\/em>\u2019ta, \u0130ncil<\/em>\u2019de, insan t\u00fcr\u00fcnde cinsiyet farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7 ve bi\u00e7imi ile ilgili bilgiler bunlar. Bitkilerdeki cinsel farkl\u0131la\u015fma ve \u00fcreme ile ilgili bilgiler (Kutsal Kitap<\/em> derlendi\u011fi tarihlerde bilinmedi\u011finden olacak) bulunmamakta. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi dinsel yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kta cinsel farkl\u0131la\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, toplumsal cinsiyet alan\u0131nda e\u015fitsizlik\u00e7i ili\u015fkileri hakl\u0131 g\u00f6sterip s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme ere\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Varolu\u015f\u00e7u evrimci a\u00e7\u0131klamada yaradan\u0131n \u201cere\u011fi\u201d de\u011fil, farkl\u0131la\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7an \u201cnedenler\u201d ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Toplumsal cinsiyet (\u0130ng. gender) ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131nda ise, evrimci \u00e7evrelerde genellikle (kurulu ili\u015fkilerin alt\u0131ndaki nedenlerle birlikte) de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fi, de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi vard\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu e\u015fitsizlikleri kald\u0131rma aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k tutum tak\u0131n\u0131l\u0131r. Evrimi nedenlere ba\u011flayan bir anlay\u0131\u015fla (bug\u00fcn de\u011filse de ileride biyoteknolojik olanaklar\u0131 yarat\u0131l\u0131nca) kad\u0131n-erkek ili\u015fkilerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck ac\u0131lara yol a\u00e7an fizyolojik e\u015fitsizlikleri bile ortadan kald\u0131rabilecek genetik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler geli\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n

      \"\"
      Michelangelo’nun \u00fcnl\u00fc tablosu “Adem’in yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131” ve Havva’n\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 betimleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      Bilim cinsel farkl\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n nedenini aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n neresinde?<\/strong>: \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f bilimlerde, baz\u0131 canl\u0131larda, evrimleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek (Latince mitosis) \u00fcremeden cinsel yolla (Lat. meiosis) \u00fcremeye ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Ancak bunun ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve tarihi hakk\u0131ndaki bilgiler (bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in) kesin olmaktan uzakt\u0131r. Elimizde, ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca baz\u0131 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve zaman\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kestirimler (tahminler) var.<\/p>\n

      \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yay\u0131n kurulu\u015fu BBC\u2019nin bir belgeselinde \u201ccinsiyet sorunu\u201d irdelenir. \u0130rdelenirken, cinsel farkl\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n ve \u00fcremenin nedenleri ve zaman\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Belgeselin metninde (John Sparks, Battle of the Sexes<\/em>, 1999 i\u00e7inde, s.201\u2019de) bu konuda bir ipucundan s\u00f6z edilmektedir: Paramecium <\/em>ad\u0131yla bilinen bir (tek h\u00fccreli) protozoa, ilgin\u00e7 bir \u00fcreme stratejisi izlemektedir. S\u0131radan ko\u015fullarda b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00e7o\u011falan bu canl\u0131, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc olumsuz ko\u015fullarda, kendi t\u00fcr\u00fcnden biriyle ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in biraraya gelmektedir. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde genetik malzeme al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Sonra ayr\u0131l\u0131p (olumsuz ko\u015fullar d\u00fczeldikten sonra yeniden ya\u015famaya ve yine b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00fcremeye ba\u015flamak \u00fczere) sporla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bilimsel \u00e7evrelerde, bu ve buna benzer bir\u00e7ok ipucuna dayan\u0131larak, cinsel yolla \u00fcremeye, benzeri yap\u0131daki canl\u0131lar\u0131n evriminden sonra (zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 1 milyar 200 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi dolaylar\u0131nda) ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

      Cinsel \u00fcremenin organik evrime etkileri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Organik evrimde, bir mutasyonla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olabilecek ve bir dizi mutasyon sonucunda yerle\u015fmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan cinsel yolla \u00fcremenin etkileri \u00fcremeyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun organik evrim \u00fczerinde ba\u015fka olumlu etkileri saptand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi insan\u0131n toplumsal k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimi \u00fczerinde de olumlu olumsuz \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli etkileri ortaya konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

      Do\u011fal ay\u0131klanma benzeri eleme i\u015flevi<\/strong>: Cinsel \u00fcreme evrimde \u201cdo\u011fal ay\u0131klanma\u201d s\u00fcrecininkine benzer sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu, do\u011furmakta. Olumsuz mutasyonlar b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00fcremede (kopyalanarak) oldu\u011fu gibi sonraki ku\u015faklara aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Cinsel \u00fcremede, ayn\u0131 protein t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sentezini denetleyen (biri di\u015fiden biri erkekten) biri mutasyona (de\u011fi\u015fmeye) u\u011fram\u0131\u015f biri u\u011framam\u0131\u015f iki genin bulunmas\u0131 durumunda birinin \u201cse\u00e7ilip\u201d \u00f6tekinin (daha \u00e7ok \u00f6z\u00fcrl\u00fc olanlar\u0131n) elenmesi \u015fans\u0131 do\u011far. B\u00f6ylece cinsel \u00fcreme (do\u011fal ay\u0131klanman\u0131n ku\u015faklar boyu s\u00fcrecek eleme i\u015flevini g\u00f6rerek) hem do\u011fal ay\u0131klanma gibi i\u015flemi\u015f, hem evrimi h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

      \"\"
      Avrupa mamut s\u00fcr\u00fcleri 30 biny\u0131l \u00f6nce yok olurken, uzun t\u00fcyl\u00fc Sibirya mamudu varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 on bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncelerine kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmi\u015ftir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

      Mutasyon benzeri \u00e7e\u015fitlendirme i\u015flevi<\/strong>: Cinsel yolla \u00fcremenin evrime \u00f6teki olumlu etkisi (canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinde mutasyonlarla olu\u015fan) olumlu de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rarak, onlar\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u201cgen havuzu\u201d i\u00e7inde anlaml\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131klara ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p fizyolojik \u00f6zellikler \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini art\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun \u00f6nemi, \u00e7apraz \u00fcreme ile \u00e7i\u00e7ek renkleri mozai\u011fini vars\u0131lla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 gibi (estetik) g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. T\u00fcr\u00fcn baz\u0131 \u00fcyelerinin birdenbire de\u011fi\u015fen olumsuz \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cya\u015farkalma\u201d (\u0130ng. survival) bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n atlat\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00fcreseydi yok olabilecek bir t\u00fcre, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesinin yolunu a\u00e7abilmesidir.<\/p>\n

      Bu durumun (belki de) tarihsel bir \u00f6rne\u011fi, Avrupa mamut s\u00fcr\u00fclerinin 30 biny\u0131l \u00f6nce yok olurken, uzun t\u00fcyl\u00fc Sibirya mamudunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 on bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncelerine kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesidir. Mamut t\u00fcr\u00fcnde, bir \u00e7iftten (cinsel \u00fcremenin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak) iki \u00fc\u00e7 ku\u015fakta s\u00f6z gelimi k\u0131sa, orta uzunlukta ve uzun t\u00fcyl\u00fc yavrular \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti diyelim. K\u0131sa t\u00fcyl\u00fcler iklimde birdenbire ve sert bir so\u011fuma d\u00f6nemini a\u015famazken, bir \u00e7ift bile bulunsa uzun t\u00fcyl\u00fcler ve onlar\u0131n uzun t\u00fcyl\u00fc d\u00f6lleri, bunal\u0131m d\u00f6nemini a\u015fabilirler. T\u00fcr\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bunal\u0131m sonras\u0131na ge\u00e7irebilirler. Bu konuda olumsuz bir \u00f6rnek olarak, Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019dan getirilen (cinsel \u00fcremeyen) patatese \u0130rlanda\u2019da bula\u015fan hastal\u0131k verilebilir. Hemen t\u00fcm patates \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne yay\u0131lan bir k\u00fcf hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1845-1846 y\u0131llar\u0131nda 1 milyondan fazla \u0130rlandal\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6lmesine neden olan bir a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (21).<\/p>\n

      Cinsel \u00fcremenin toplumsal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrime etkileri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Cinsel \u00fcreme, cinsel alanda bir farkl\u0131la\u015fma ve i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc getirmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsan populasyonlar\u0131nda bu farkl\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n k\u00f6klerinden beslenerek, dallan\u0131p budaklanan toplumsal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. \u00d6zetle: gebelik ve bebek emzirme gibi durumlar, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n av seferlerine kat\u0131lmalar\u0131na uygun d\u00fc\u015fmeyecektir. Onlar, daha \u00e7ok kamp yerlerinin yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinde yumrulu k\u00f6k s\u00f6kme, yaban\u0131l meyve, ot toplama gibi i\u015flerle toplulu\u011fun beslenmesine katk\u0131da bulunma e\u011filimi g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\n

      Topluluk i\u00e7inde eli \u00e7apal\u0131-eli sopal\u0131 farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>: \u0130klimdeki de\u011fi\u015fme, b\u00fcy\u00fck hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fclerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na, insanlar\u0131n ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeleri ise hayvanlar\u0131n (onlar\u0131 avlayarak) asala\u011f\u0131 olma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 olgunla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u201ctoplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k\u201d, erkeklerin \u201cavc\u0131l\u0131k\u201d alan\u0131nda uzmanla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. S\u00f6z konusu uzmanla\u015fma \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim\u201d ge\u00e7irmeleri anlam\u0131na gelir. \u0130lerde g\u00f6r\u00fclecek olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n daha \u00e7ok \u00e7apaya giderken \u00e7obanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun erkek olmas\u0131n\u0131n gerisinde bu evrim yatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 asalakl\u0131ktan \u00fcreticili\u011fe ge\u00e7irmeleri<\/strong>: Toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kta, bitkiler hakk\u0131nda ku\u015faklar boyu bilgi biriktiren ve k\u0131zlar\u0131na bu birikimi aktaran kad\u0131nlar olacakt\u0131r. Bu birikimle kad\u0131nlar, zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 15 biny\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce (buzul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sona ermesinin Ortado\u011fu\u2019da yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7orakla\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde) insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 asalakl\u0131ktan \u00fcreticili\u011fe ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir: Bunu (bitkilerle ilgili bilgi birikimlerini ve yordamlama al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak) \u00e7orakl\u0131\u011fa uyarlanm\u0131\u015f yaban\u0131l tah\u0131l topraklar\u0131n\u0131 sulama, g\u00fcbreleme ve tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 sulak yerlere ekme yoluna giderek ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n

      Erkeklerin ise (tah\u0131l \u00fcretiminin sap saman gibi art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak) daha \u00f6nce avlad\u0131klar\u0131 hayvanlar hakk\u0131ndaki bilgi birikimlerini onlar\u0131 evcille\u015ftirmede kulland\u0131klar\u0131 san\u0131l\u0131yor. Nas\u0131l yapm\u0131\u015f olursa olsunlar, \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ilen topluluklarda, erkeklerin s\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00fctme, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7apa tar\u0131m\u0131 yapma i\u015flerini \u00fcstlendikleri biliniyor. Erkeklerin tar\u0131ma da el atmas\u0131, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131n (evcille\u015ftirilmesi yan\u0131 s\u0131ra) \u00e7ekti\u011fi saban\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinden sonrad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Topluluklar aras\u0131 yerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7i-g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>: \u0130nsanlara a\u00e7\u0131lan (zorlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 gerektirmi\u015f de olsa) bu bitkisel ve hayvansal besin \u00fcreticili\u011fi bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel devrim say\u0131labilir. Bu evrim, uygun bitki ve hayvan t\u00fcrlerinin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde gezici avc\u0131 ve toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 yerle\u015fik k\u00f6y ya\u015fam\u0131na ge\u00e7irmekle kalmad\u0131. Yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki kom\u015fu topluluklar\u0131 da (sundu\u011fu yiyecek g\u00fcvenli\u011fi nedeniyle) \u00fcretici ya\u015fama ge\u00e7meye \u00f6zendirdi. Zamanla, yerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7i ya\u015fam\u0131 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 geni\u015fledi. Bitkisel besin \u00fcretimine pek uygun olmayan b\u00f6lgelere dek yay\u0131ld\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekten, Filistin\u2019den ba\u015flayan, Suriye, Kuzey Irak ve Anadolu\u2019da s\u00fcren, \u0130ran\u2019a, Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131na dek uzanan topraklar en elveri\u015fli b\u00f6lgeydi. Bu ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n, g\u00fcneyinde tar\u0131m i\u00e7in yeterli ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alamayan \u00e7\u00f6l k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Kuzeyinde, yeterli ya\u011f\u0131\u015f almakla birlikte, derinlere k\u00f6k salan s\u0131k otlar\u0131 \u00e7apayla i\u015flemeye engel ovalar ve yaylalar. S\u00fcr\u00fc otlatmaya uygun, u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z otlaklar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, zamanla (baz\u0131 y\u0131llar at\u0131lan tohumun bile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 alamad\u0131klar\u0131) \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fi b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. S\u00fcr\u00fc beslemeye a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdiler. Sonu\u00e7ta, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imine ge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n

      B\u00f6ylece insan topluluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u201cyerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7i\u201d ile \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban\u201d ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f oldu. Yerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7i ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminde, \u00fcretimde daha \u00e7ok kad\u0131nlar rol ald\u0131. K\u00f6yler, ge\u00e7im alan\u0131nda (hem bitkisel hem hayvansal besin \u00fcretilmesi nedeniyle) \u201ckendine yeterli\u201d g\u00f6rece \u201cbar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131\u201d bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim ray\u0131na oturdu. G\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminde (s\u00fcr\u00fc y\u00f6netme i\u015fleri erkeklerin elinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in) erkekler a\u011f\u0131r bast\u0131. Onlar\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve (otlak kapma, s\u00fcr\u00fc apartma nedenleriyle) g\u00f6rece \u201csava\u015f\u00e7\u0131\u201d, g\u00fcvensiz (bitkisel besin k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekilen) \u201ckendine yetersiz\u201d bir ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi tutturdular.<\/p>\n

      G\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban-yerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7i ili\u015fkileri: Talan, Ya\u011fma, Hara\u00e7, Vergi evreleri<\/strong>: \u00c7obanlar, otlaklar\u0131 ve (t\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yok edebilen salg\u0131n hayvan hastal\u0131klar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda) ba\u015fka g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerin s\u00fcr\u00fclerini kapma, kapt\u0131rmama nedenleriyle geleceklerini denetleyemeyip \u201cg\u00fcvensizlik\u201d ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaktayd\u0131lar. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bitkisel besin a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u201ckendine yetersiz\u201d bir ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir. G\u00fcvensizliklerini a\u015famazlar. Yetersizliklerini, yerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7i topluluklarla bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 (al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f) ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 (ya\u011fma) ili\u015fkileriyle a\u015fmak isteyeceklerdir. Kendilerine yetecek kadar hayvansal besin de \u00fcretebilen \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerle al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f ili\u015fkileri yolu yeterince a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. G\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban topluluklara, varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek ve vars\u0131lla\u015fmak i\u00e7in kala kala (\u00f6teki \u00e7obanlarla sava\u015fmaktan daha kolay olan) \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in sald\u0131rmak kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Bu y\u00f6ndeki giri\u015fimleri d\u00f6rt evreden ge\u00e7mi\u015f olup \u015f\u00f6yle \u015femala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir: Bu yolda (Frans\u0131z Oppenheimer\u2019in \u201cfetih kuram\u0131\u201d uyar\u0131nca) Talan, Ya\u011fma, Hara\u00e7 evrelerinden ge\u00e7ilir. Vergi evresine ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r (22). Harac\u0131n orana ve kurala ba\u011flan\u0131p kurumla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak vergiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fi bir evreye var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devlete varma yolunda bu son evrede g\u00f6\u00e7ebe topluluk, s\u00f6zde ve bir dereceye dek ger\u00e7ekte (\u00f6teki g\u00f6\u00e7ebeler ya\u011fmalamas\u0131n diye) yerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7i topluluklar\u0131 \u201ckorumak\u201d i\u00e7in topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip (fethedip) yanlar\u0131na yerle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

      Yal\u0131n e\u015fitlik\u00e7i topluluklardan kentli, s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131, devletli, ideolojili uygar topluma ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/strong>: B\u00f6ylece y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olu\u015fturacak \u00e7obanlar, erkek egemen topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr, gelenek ve t\u00f6relerini t\u00fcm topluma dayatarak, yasalara, hukuka d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcreceklerdir. El konulan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin (toplumsal art\u0131n\u0131n) topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler (art\u0131yla, ayn\u0131 zamanda sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar olan yeni toprak sahipleri yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, tacirlerin, zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, dincilerin beslenebilmesiyle) kalabal\u0131kla\u015farak kentlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecektir. Uygarl\u0131k (medeniyet, Medine ya\u015fam\u0131) ad\u0131 da \u201ckentli ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi\u201d anlam\u0131na gelmez mi?<\/p>\n

      Zaman\u0131m\u0131za kadar uzanan uygar toplumun yasalar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015finde, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7obanlar\u0131n fethi yatmaktad\u0131r. Onun da ge\u00e7mi\u015finde, erkek egemen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban toplulu\u011fun erkekten yana yontan \u201cerkek k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u201d. Onun uzak ge\u00e7mi\u015finde ise, erkek-di\u015fi cinsel farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n (organik evrimin) temelleri \u00fczerine kurulan toplumsal k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim (!) durmakta.<\/p>\n

      Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 700 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce: Bitkiler d\u00fcnyas\u0131-Hayvanlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Canl\u0131lar\u0131n (organik) evriminin cinsel \u00fcremeden sonra belki en \u00f6nemli a\u015famas\u0131 bitkiler-hayvanlar farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc Frans\u0131z genetik\u00e7isi Fran\u00e7ois Jacob (M\u00fcmk\u00fcnlerin Oyunu <\/em>ad\u0131yla T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye de \u00e7evrilen yap\u0131t\u0131nda) (23) bitki-hayvan farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olabilecek bir mutasyondan (s.73\u2019te) s\u00f6z ediyor. Bitki-hayvan farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131ndan cytocrome-c<\/em> ad\u0131 verilen bir genetik organelin ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi mutasyonu sorumlu tutuyor. Jacob\u2019a g\u00f6re bu gen, mutasyon sonucunda chloroplast <\/em>ve mitochondrion<\/em> (\u00e7o\u011fulu mitokondriya) organellerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Chloroplast<\/em>, bitkilerde, i\u00e7indeki ye\u015fil pigment klorofil ile g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 enerjisini kap\u0131p onunla fotosentez sa\u011flayan organeldir. Mitochondrion<\/em> ise hayvanlarda glukozu (\u015fekeri) oksijen ile yakarak karbondioksite ve suya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrken enerji sal\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an (hayvanlarda devinim ve yap\u0131doku olu\u015fumu i\u00e7in gerekli enerjiyi sa\u011flayan) (24) organeldir.<\/p>\n

      Ya\u015fam \u00e7emberi d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/strong>: Canl\u0131n\u0131n evriminin bitkiler-hayvanlar olarak iki dala ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi, bir ba\u015fka Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc, Amerikan genetik\u00e7i Mahlon Hoagland\u2019\u0131n pop\u00fcler bilim yap\u0131t\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir. Hoagland\u2019\u0131n (T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye Hayat\u0131n K\u00f6kleri<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7evrilen) yap\u0131t\u0131nda (s.51\u2019de) bir \u00e7izelge bulunmaktad\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya aktar\u0131lan bu \u00e7izelgede g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi, hayvanlar soluk al\u0131rken havadan oksijen alm\u0131\u015f olurlar. Soluk verirken havaya karbondioksit salarlar. Bitkiler, nitrojen (azot) yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yap\u0131lar\u0131na \u00e7ektikleri karbondioksiti, fotosentezle karbonhidratlara (yani \u015fekere) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Bu yoldaki tepkimeler s\u0131ras\u0131nda havaya oksijen sal\u0131n\u0131r. Hayvanlar, bitkilerden (yiyip sindirerek) ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fekeri, bu oksijenle yakarak devinimleri ve yap\u0131doku sentezlemeleri i\u00e7in gerekli enerjiyi (kendileri) \u00fcretmi\u015f olurlar. B\u00f6ylece ya\u015fam \u00e7emberinin iki yakas\u0131 biraraya gelmi\u015ftir. Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc (ceteris paribus<\/em>=ba\u015fka elementler de\u011fi\u015fmedik\u00e7e) s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcp gidecek ko\u015fullar sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gene mi \u201ckim taraf\u0131ndan?\u201d sorusu; yan\u0131t\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fil mi?<\/p>\n

      Bitki-hayvan-insan farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na getirilen \u201cnedensellik\u00e7i\u201d ve \u201cereksellik\u00e7i\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamalar<\/strong>: G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, varolu\u015f\u00e7u evrimci bak\u0131\u015f, cinsel farkl\u0131la\u015fmaya molek\u00fcler (biyokimyasal) a\u00e7\u0131klamalar getirmektedir. Cinsel farkl\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n organik evrimin daha sonraki evrelerine etkileri de \u201cnedensellik\u00e7i\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 dinci bak\u0131\u015flarda ise, her iki alanda \u201cereksellik\u00e7i\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamalar bulunmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

      Bitkiler hayvanlar i\u00e7in yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hayvanlar, insanlar yesin, yararlans\u0131n ve \u00fczerlerinde egemen olsun diye (25). S\u0131ra insan\u0131n \u201cni\u00e7in\u201d yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusuna gelince, o noktaya dek izledikleri mant\u0131k s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclerek, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lara, \u201cinsanlar da vir\u00fcsler, bakteriler yesin diye mi yarat\u0131ld\u0131?\u201d sorusu y\u00f6neltilebilir. Ger\u00e7ekten, ya\u015farken insanlar\u0131n (frengi, c\u00fczam \u00f6rneklerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi) baz\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6ld\u00fcklerinde t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bakteriler yiyip bitirmiyor mu?<\/p>\n

      Enuma eli\u015f<\/em> yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f mitosunda \u201ckul insan\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong>: Bitkilerin hayvanlar, hayvanlar\u0131n insanlar i\u00e7in yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Musevi, H\u0131ristiyan ve \u0130slam tektanr\u0131c\u0131 Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, insan\u0131n ni\u00e7in yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusuna yan\u0131t ararken o noktaya dek kulland\u0131klar\u0131 \u201cnasip\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. \u201cTevil\u201d denen bir tutumla, \u201chizmet\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na ge\u00e7erler. \u0130nsan\u0131n, \u201ctanr\u0131ya kulluk etmesi i\u00e7in\u201d yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ereksellik\u00e7i a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 benimserler (26) bilindi\u011fi gibi.<\/p>\n

      \"\"
      Tanr\u0131 Marduk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

      Ancak pek bilinmeyen, tektanr\u0131c\u0131 dinin (Musevilik, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k, \u0130slaml\u0131k olarak \u00fc\u00e7 \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim\u201d evresinden ge\u00e7en ayn\u0131 dinin) bu ereksellik\u00e7i a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131. Onun, \u00e7ok tanr\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan, hatta dinsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn zaman\u0131m\u0131za kalabilen ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131! S\u00f6z konusu belge, \u201cBabil Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f mitosu\u201d olarak bilinen Enuma eli\u015f<\/em> ad\u0131 verilen metni i\u00e7eren \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletlerdir.<\/p>\n

      \"\"
      Enuma Eli\u015f destan\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tablet<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

      Ge\u00e7mi\u015fi M\u00d6 3 binlerin S\u00fcmer inan\u00e7lar\u0131na dayanan, M\u00d6 2. biny\u0131ldan, Babil\u2019den kalan bir metin bu. \u0130\u00e7inde insan\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ve varl\u0131k nedeninin tanr\u0131lara hizmet\u00e7ilik (kulluk, k\u00f6lelik) etmek oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir (27). Tektanr\u0131c\u0131 dinin kitaplar\u0131ndaki yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc ile Enuma eli\u015f <\/em>mitosunun \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki benzerlik, yaln\u0131zca insan\u0131n tanr\u0131ya hizmet etmesi i\u00e7in yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Kutsal Kitap<\/em>\u2019taki bal\u00e7\u0131ktan, \u201ctanr\u0131 suretinde\u201d yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Kuran<\/em>\u2019da bal\u00e7\u0131ktan yarat\u0131lan insan\u0131n burnuna Allah\u2019\u0131n \u201ckendi ruhundan \u00fcf\u00fcrerek\u201d canland\u0131rmas\u0131na dek varmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zetle, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mda, insan\u0131n tanr\u0131ya (ya da tanr\u0131lara) hizmet, kulluk, k\u00f6lelik etmesi i\u00e7in yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolunda \u201cereksellik\u00e7i\u201d bir a\u00e7\u0131klama bulunmaktad\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131klama, ilk uygar toplumun efendi-k\u00f6le ve y\u00f6neten-y\u00f6netilen farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131ndan ve e\u015fitsizli\u011finden esinlenilerek yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u015fitsizlik\u00e7i insan-insan ili\u015fkilerini hakl\u0131 g\u00f6sterip, s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi ama\u00e7layan bu a\u00e7\u0131klama, tanr\u0131-kul e\u015fitsizlik\u00e7i ili\u015fki paradigmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ideolojik g\u00fcc\u00fc nedeniyle, zaman\u0131m\u0131za dek s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

      III. DO\u011eANIN EVR\u0130M\u0130N\u0130N B\u0130TK\u0130LER HAYVANLAR DOLAYIMIYLA \u0130NSANIN K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL EVR\u0130M\u0130NE ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Organik evrim ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimin birbirini etkilemesi, \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. S\u00fcrece hele bir de cans\u0131z do\u011fan\u0131n evrimi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa! Buna \u00f6rnek olarak Eski D\u00fcnya k\u0131talar\u0131 ile Yeni D\u00fcnya k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir. Sonu\u00e7lar, ayr\u0131lmayla baz\u0131 bitki ve baz\u0131 hayvan cinslerinin tutturduklar\u0131 farkl\u0131 evrim \u00e7izgilerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Sonu\u00e7ta ortaya, farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin, farkl\u0131 d\u00fcnyalardaki insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimleri \u00fczerinde farkl\u0131 etkileri \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 250-100 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce: Eski D\u00fcnya-Yeni D\u00fcnya ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Alman Jeofizik bilgini Alfred Wegener, \u201cK\u0131talar\u0131n ve Okyanuslar\u0131n Olu\u015fmas\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 (1915 tarihli) Almanca yap\u0131t\u0131nda, zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 250 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki karalar\u0131n tek bir kara par\u00e7as\u0131 durumunda bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u201cPangea\u201d ad\u0131 verilen k\u0131tan\u0131n bu tarihte ba\u015flayan b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi (Wegener\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lan jeofizik\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re) \u00f6nce, ilerde \u201cLaurasia\u201d denecek kuzey karalar\u0131 ile \u201cGondwanaland\u201d denecek g\u00fcney karalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kuzey karalar\u0131n\u0131n zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 100 milyon y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce Kuzey Amerika ve Afroavrasya olarak birbirlerinden kopmalar\u0131yla b\u00f6l\u00fcnme tamamlan\u0131p, k\u0131talar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumlar\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

      Eski ve Yeni D\u00fcnyalarda Floran\u0131n ve Faunan\u0131n farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>: B\u00f6yle bir ayr\u0131lma, iki d\u00fcnya k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc (Lat.flora) ve hayvan t\u00fcrleri (Lat.fauna) evrimlerinde farkl\u0131la\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131lman\u0131n organik evrim \u00fczerinde etkileri olmu\u015ftur. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, insan\u0131n organik evrimi ve insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimleri \u00fczerinde (ya \u00f6teki canl\u0131lar dolay\u0131m\u0131yla ya do\u011frudan) \u00f6nemli etkileri g\u00f6r\u00fclecekti.<\/p>\n

      Ayr\u0131lma \u00f6ncesinde t\u00fcm karalara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f baz\u0131 canl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri olu\u015fmu\u015f bulunuyordu. Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden kara dinozorlar\u0131n\u0131n fosilleriyle t\u00fcm k\u0131talarda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bunun kan\u0131t\u0131. Dinozorlar, zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 65 milyon y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce patlak veren (b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00f6kta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu \u00e7\u0131karak g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131llarca engelleyen toz bulutunun sorumlu tutuldu\u011fu) b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7evre bunal\u0131m\u0131ndan sa\u011f \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131lar. Nedeni, so\u011fukkanl\u0131 canl\u0131lar olup iri bedenlerinin gereksindi\u011fi enerjiyi g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan alamamalar\u0131na verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

      \u00c7evre bunal\u0131m\u0131ndan sa\u011f \u00e7\u0131kabilen kara floras\u0131 ve faunas\u0131, Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019daki benzerleri ile Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019daki benzerleri i\u00e7inde olu\u015fan mutant genlerin say\u0131s\u0131 (cinsel \u00fcremeyle al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin yap\u0131lmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonucu) artm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131. Bunun sonucunda farkl\u0131 cinslere ve t\u00fcrlere do\u011fru evrinmi\u015flerdi. \u00d6yle ki insanlarca biraraya getirildiklerinde bile \u00e7iftle\u015fip, d\u00f6llenip \u00fcremeyecekleri farkl\u0131 fizyolojilere ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

      Ger\u00e7ekten, y\u00fcksek primatlar tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir familyas\u0131n\u0131n, kuyruklu maymunlardan ayr\u0131lan kuyruksuz iri maymunlar olan (ape) cinsi, yaln\u0131zca Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir evrimin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019da kuyruksuz iri maymunlar evrinmedi. Bunun anlam\u0131, insana (Homo sapiens<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fcne) varacak evrimin, yaln\u0131zca Eski D\u00fcnya ile (Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck fay k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rift Vadisi\u2019nin ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131yla) s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kal\u0131p genetik yal\u0131tlanmaya u\u011frayan insans\u0131lar (hominidler) aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fidir. Sonucu, insan\u0131n Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 ancak Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 ettikten sonra doldurmas\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

      Eski ve Yeni D\u00fcnya topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimler tutturmas\u0131<\/strong>: Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019da, kuyruksuz maymunlar yan\u0131 s\u0131ra e\u015fek, at, \u00f6k\u00fcz gibi ilerde insanlarca evcille\u015ftirilecek y\u00fck, binek hayvanlar\u0131 evrinmedi. \u00c7ifte ko\u015fulan hayvanlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclecek t\u00fcrler g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi. Orada Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019daki yaban\u0131l tah\u0131l t\u00fcrleri benzeri bozk\u0131r bitkileriyle de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131. Bu durumun insanlar\u0131n Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019ya ge\u00e7melerinden sonraki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimleri \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

      \u0130nsan t\u00fcr\u00fc, Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019ya, buzullar\u0131n karalar\u0131 ve kuzey denizlerini binlerce kilometre boyunca kesintisiz kapatt\u0131klar\u0131 buzul \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda o ilkel k\u00fclt\u00fcrel donan\u0131m\u0131yla ge\u00e7emezdi. Ge\u00e7i\u015f tarihleri konusunda aralar\u0131nda tam bir birlik yoksa da, konunun uzmanlar\u0131, bir buzularas\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, en erken 65 bin y\u0131l, en ge\u00e7 15 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeler (28). Ondan sonra ge\u00e7i\u015f koridorlar\u0131n\u0131n (Bering Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ve Yukong Vadisi\u2019nin) zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 15 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce son buzul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine gene kapanmas\u0131yla, Eski D\u00fcnya ve Yeni D\u00fcnya topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n birbirleriyle genetik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ili\u015fkiler kuramad\u0131klar\u0131 biliniyor. Organik evrim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bu \u201cgenetik bariyer\u201d s\u00fcresi, de\u011fil farkl\u0131 insan t\u00fcrlerinin, farkl\u0131 altt\u00fcrlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bile yetersizdir. Farkl\u0131la\u015fma (Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n en ender kan grubu \u201c0\u201d\u0131n Yeni D\u00fcnya topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n egemen grubunu olu\u015fturmas\u0131 gibi \u00f6nemsiz) \u0131rksal d\u00fczeylerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim alan\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu.<\/p>\n

      \u00d6rne\u011fin Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019da hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fcnden (uygun tah\u0131l t\u00fcrleri ve saban\u0131 \u00e7ekecek hayvanlar bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan) bitkisel besin \u00fcretiminde yararlan\u0131lamad\u0131. Ula\u015ft\u0131rmada (s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir lama kullan\u0131m\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mada ve sava\u015fta da hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yararlan\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r. Bunun sonucu \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019daki kadar geli\u015ftirilememesi (\u00f6rne\u011fin teknolojide tekerle\u011fin, onun yatay kullan\u0131m\u0131 olan \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7i \u00e7ark\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131) olmu\u015ftur. Uygun s\u00fcr\u00fc hayvanlar\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi de geli\u015ftirilemeyecektir. S\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131, devletli toplumlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve geli\u015fmesinde (Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclen) yerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7i-g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f ve sava\u015f ili\u015fkilerinin h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyecektir. Yeni D\u00fcnya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kentleri (farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f ekonomik etkinlik odaklar\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7ok) dinsel, siyasal odaklar bi\u00e7iminde (Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131nkilerden) farkl\u0131 denebilecek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim \u00e7izgisi tutturacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Kuzey Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda ise (\u201cOrta Amerika\u201d i\u00e7ine sokulan Meksika d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) kentli uygar topluma ge\u00e7ilmesi \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, (G\u00f6ller Y\u00f6resi Kosler k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) \u00fcretime bile ge\u00e7ilemeyen (ya da \u201cge\u00e7ilmeyen\u201d) avc\u0131 ve toplay\u0131c\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrler varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Avrupal\u0131lar gelene dek s\u00fcrd\u00fcreceklerdir (29). Bunun ac\u0131 sonucu, Yeni D\u00fcnya topluluklar\u0131na uygulanan \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrk\u0131y\u0131m\u201d olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      D\u00fcnyalar aras\u0131 bitki ve hayvan al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimleri \u00fczerindeki ya\u015famsal etkileri<\/strong>: Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019da bulunmayan patatesin, m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n, t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019dan getirilmesinin, toplumlar\u0131n ekonomik, toplumsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimleri \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli etkileri olacakt\u0131r. Bu etkiler (t\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi) g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek s\u00fcrecektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Amerika\u2019dan getirilip Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkiyesi\u2019nde \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015flanan m\u0131s\u0131r ve t\u00fct\u00fcn, Hindistan\u2019dan getirilen pamuk ve (m\u0131s\u0131rla beslenmeye ba\u015flanan hayvanlardan sa\u011flanan) deri ile birlikte tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri d\u0131\u015fsat\u0131m\u0131na dayanan bir d\u0131\u015f ticaret geli\u015fecekti (30). Tonlarca tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sat\u0131n al\u0131nabilen s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 end\u00fcstri mallar\u0131 ve makineler a\u011f\u0131r bir end\u00fcstrile\u015fmeden \u00f6tesini sa\u011flayamayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

      At ile birlikte ate\u015fli silahlar\u0131n getirili\u015finin baz\u0131 Yeni D\u00fcnya topluluklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisi, organik evrim ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim etkile\u015fiminin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k derecesinin nerelere varabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir: Ata ve t\u00fcfe\u011fe Kuzey Amerika yerlilerinin tepkileri, Orta ve G\u00fcney Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131nkinden farkl\u0131 oldu. Onlar, at ile atl\u0131y\u0131 tek bir canl\u0131 sanarak korkuya kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bir t\u00fcfekten \u00e7\u0131kan duman\u0131n ve sesin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesini yaman bir b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck san\u0131p y\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Oysa Kuzey Amerika yerlilerinden (Apa\u00e7iler gibi) baz\u0131lar\u0131, Avrupal\u0131 tacirlerin kendilerinden (silah ve at kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131) olabildi\u011fince fazla bizon postu istemeleri \u00fczerine, zamanla ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirdiler. Daha \u00f6nce s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da (gereksinimleri kadar) avlad\u0131klar\u0131 bu hayvanlar\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fclerini atla kovalayabilerek bir avda y\u00fczlercesini \u00f6ld\u00fcrebildiler. Bunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, \u00f6nce bizon s\u00fcr\u00fclerinin, sonra avc\u0131 toplay\u0131c\u0131 ge\u00e7im bi\u00e7imlerinin sona ermesi oldu. En sonunda, kabilelerin, birbirleriyle ve beyazlarla ya\u015fam boyu s\u00fcren sava\u015flarda erimesi!<\/p>\n

      Yerli n\u00fcfusunun onda birlere varacak oranlarda azalmas\u0131ndan, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n (Yerlilere g\u00f6re \u201cdo\u011fulular\u201d olan solucan atalar\u0131ndan t\u00fcremi\u015f \u201csoluk derililer\u201d dedikleri kimselerin) soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, mikroplar\u0131 sorumlu tutan yazarlar var (31). Ger\u00e7ekten, Eski D\u00fcnya canl\u0131lar\u0131 ile Yeni D\u00fcnya canl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 evrimlerinin, insan topluluklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki belki en \u201ccanal\u0131c\u0131\u201d etkisi salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klarla ilgili olan\u0131d\u0131r. Eski D\u00fcnyal\u0131lar, atla ve ate\u015fli silahlarla birlikte \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7an vir\u00fcs\u00fc de getirmi\u015flerdi. Onun getirdi\u011fi salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazan\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar yerlilerin y\u00fczbinlercesini g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bunun yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 emek k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise, Antiller\u2019den ve Afrika\u2019dan yakalan\u0131p k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilen y\u00fczbinlerin getirilmesiyle giderilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u0130NSANA VARACAK ORGAN\u0130K EVR\u0130M\u0130N YAP-BOZ OYUNUYLA REKONSTR\u00dcKS\u0130YONU<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Organik evrim, Eski D\u00fcnya ile Yeni D\u00fcnya yollar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 insana (Homo sapiens <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fcne) ula\u015facak organik evrim, Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019da, zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00f6nce (Z\u00d6) yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak \u015fu tarihlerde ve belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u015fu a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

        100 milyon: yeni (plesantal\u0131) memeliler<\/p>\n

        70 milyon: prosimiyen (kemirgen memeli \u201ca\u011fa\u00e7sivrifaresi\u201d)<\/p>\n

        60 milyon: primatlar (iri beyinli \u201cy\u00fcksek memeliler\u201d)<\/p>\n

        55 milyon: adapiformeler (\u00f6tekilerine kar\u015f\u0131 durabilen ba\u015fparmakl\u0131lar)<\/p>\n

        47 milyon: Darwinus masillae <\/em>(1983\u2019te bulunup 2009\u2019da adland\u0131r\u0131lan halka)<\/p>\n

        40 milyon: haplorhinler (g\u00f6z \u00e7ukurlar\u0131 \u00f6nde \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu g\u00f6rebilenler)<\/p>\n

        20 milyon: hominoidler (insan\u0131ms\u0131lar)<\/p>\n

        15 milyon: ape\u2019ler (Eski D\u00fcnya kuyruksuz iri maymunlar\u0131)<\/p>\n

        5 milyon: hominidler (insans\u0131lar: Australopithecus afarensis<\/em>)<\/p>\n

        4,5 milyon: hominiyanlar (iki ayakl\u0131, ara\u00e7 kullanabilen insans\u0131lar)<\/p>\n

        3 milyon: homo cinsi (Homo habilis <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fc)<\/p>\n

        2 milyon: Homo erectus <\/em>(bir milyon sonra Afrika\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p yay\u0131lacak t\u00fcr)<\/p>\n

        1 milyon: Arkaik Homo sapiens<\/em><\/p>\n

        250 bin: \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f tipte Homo sapiens,<\/em> g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn (birbiriyle \u00e7iftle\u015fip \u00fcreyebilen) t\u00fcm \u0131rklar\u0131n atas\u0131 (32).<\/p>\n

        Kimi \u201cevrimbilimciler\u201d do\u011fada evrimin, daha geli\u015fmi\u015f formlara do\u011fru d\u00fczg\u00fcn do\u011frusal bir gidi\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeler. Onu daha \u00e7ok (\u00e7al\u0131 bi\u00e7imli geli\u015fme analojisiyle) \u201cs\u0131nama ve yan\u0131lmalarla dolu yordamlamalar\u201d sonucunda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc formlara ula\u015f\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fmeler olarak yorumlamaktad\u0131rlar. Benzer bi\u00e7imde, bu evrimin soya\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle insana varacak dallar\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel bulgulara dayan\u0131larak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 (kafada kurulmas\u0131, rekonstr\u00fcksiyonu) bir yap-boz oyunu s\u00fcrecine benzemektedir.<\/p>\n

        Ger\u00e7ekten, insan\u0131n yukar\u0131da derlenen soya\u011fac\u0131 \u201ctasla\u011f\u0131\u201d bundan on y\u0131l \u00f6nce farkl\u0131 veriliyordu. On y\u0131l sonra (kesinlikle) daha farkl\u0131 verilecek. Molek\u00fcler biyoloji ile elde edilecek verilerin, geleneksel paleontoloji (fosilbilim) ve jeokronoloji (yer katmanlar\u0131 tarihlemesi) y\u00f6ntemleriyle birle\u015ftirilmesi (33) ilgili bilgilerin \u201c\u00e7apraz denetimi\u201d olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 verecek. Soya\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 dallar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131nda eklemeleri, baz\u0131lar\u0131nda kayd\u0131rmalar\u0131 gerektirecek.<\/p>\n

        Hemen verilen kesin \u201cdo\u011frulara\u201d (?) inanma al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n buna tepkisi \u201cevrim aldatmas\u0131\u201d su\u00e7lamas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Oysa milyonlarca y\u0131la yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, gerisinde, ya\u015fayan son halkalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu silik, dolayl\u0131 kan\u0131tlar b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f bir olgu hakk\u0131nda as\u0131l yanl\u0131\u015f, hemen ve kesin sonu\u00e7lar beklemektir. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131nki gibi \u201cdesteksiz\u201d kesin tarihler vermektir. Ortada yapan\u0131 ya da yapanlar\u0131 belirsiz k\u0131y\u0131ma benzer bir durum vard\u0131r. Kurbanlar, ayaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde uzanmaktad\u0131r. Kan\u0131tlar biriktik\u00e7e san\u0131klar ve senaryo de\u011fi\u015fecektir. Zamanla, kurbanlar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki (kan, sperma, gen gibi) \u00f6rneklerle san\u0131klar\u0131nki \u00e7ak\u0131\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a su\u00e7u i\u015fleyenler hakk\u0131nda kimsenin ku\u015fkusu kalmaz. Evrim a\u011fac\u0131 yaz-boz oyunundakine benzer bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm giderek netle\u015fecektir. Son par\u00e7alar\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesine do\u011fru (Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131nki i\u00e7inde) b\u00fct\u00fcn ku\u015fkular ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Ama halkalar\u0131n do\u011fru yerlerine oturtulmas\u0131nda, hi\u00e7bir zaman \u201cyarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f erekleri\u201d ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015fler, bulgulara (mutasyonlara) ve onlar\u0131n sonucu olan de\u011fi\u015fmelerin \u201cnedenlerine\u201d bak\u0131larak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecektir. \u201cBilin\u00e7li, ama\u00e7l\u0131 yarat\u0131\u015f\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc ancak, laboratuvarlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen mutasyonlar, melez bitki ve hayvan t\u00fcrlerinin \u00fcretilmesi, kal\u0131tsal hastal\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131za yol a\u00e7an genlerin ay\u0131klanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, insan i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Laboratuvarlarda\u00a0 (do\u011fay\u0131 taklit ederek, nedenleri etkileyip sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme yoluyla) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen (yapay) evrimin benzerlerinin do\u011fada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde hi\u00e7bir kuramsal engel bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden evrimin \u201cart\u0131k bir kuram de\u011fil olgu\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliyoruz.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u0130NSANIN K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL EVR\u0130M\u0130 EVRES\u0130<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u0130ster \u201cbilimsel yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131\u201d ister \u201cbilin\u00e7li-ak\u0131ll\u0131 yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d yanl\u0131s\u0131, isterse k\u00f6ktendinciler aras\u0131nda (Tevrat<\/em> ve \u0130ncil<\/em> birarada eski \u00e7evirideki ad\u0131yla Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes<\/em> yeni \u00e7evirisindeki ad\u0131yla Kutsal Kitap<\/em> i\u00e7indeki ve Kur\u2019an<\/em> ayetlerindeki yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fclerini yoruma gerek duymadan s\u00f6zc\u00fck s\u00f6zc\u00fck do\u011fru bulan tektanr\u0131c\u0131 Musevi, H\u0131ristiyan, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00f6ktendinciler aras\u0131nda) olsun, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n hemen hepsi organik evrime (neredeyse) toptan kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7lerinde kimileri (\u00f6rne\u011fin Arabistan tarihini \u201ccahiliyye d\u00f6nemi\u201d \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131 olarak ikiye ay\u0131ran \u0130slamlar ve insanl\u0131k tarihini \u0130sa \u00f6ncesi \u0130blis\u2019in \u201c yer devleti\u201d ile g\u00fcnahs\u0131z \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 tanr\u0131n\u0131n \u201cg\u00f6k devleti\u201d olarak ay\u0131ran Augustinuscu H\u0131ristiyanlar gibileri) insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimini (s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa) kabul etmektedirler. Arada bir, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimi de yads\u0131yan (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u201cTa\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 bildi\u011finiz gibi de\u011fildi\u201d diyerek Kur\u2019an<\/em>\u2019dan bu \u00e7a\u011fda ileri teknoloji kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karan Harun Yahya gibi) kimseler \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r (34).<\/p>\n

          Ne var ki ara\u00e7lar\u0131n nicelik ve nitelik\u00e7e geli\u015ftirilmesi, onlar\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131n ve a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131n birikmesi, insanlar\u0131n eski ve yeni ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve bilgileri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 olana\u011f\u0131 verir. Bu da, daha uygun bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p, bulmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 atmalar\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok yal\u0131n ve kesin bir davran\u0131\u015ftan dolay\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fme yarat\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, insanl\u0131k \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim\u201d s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. \u00d6yleyse sorun, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoklu\u011fu de\u011fil, insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131na ne zaman girip, (onun ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imini de\u011fi\u015ftiren bir etmen olarak) ne zaman organik evrimi a\u015fan bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktas\u0131nda d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

          Denebilir ki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim, organik evrimin, ara\u00e7 kullanabilen insans\u0131lardan al\u0131p, ya\u015fam\u0131n hemen her alan\u0131nda sistemli olarak ara\u00e7 yap\u0131p kullanma noktas\u0131na getirdi\u011fi canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc (Homo sapiens<\/em>) ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun simgesel ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, \u201ckonu\u015fma\u201d noktas\u0131na y\u00fckseltmesiyle h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yaz\u0131 ile (\u201cyaz\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u201d d\u00f6nemiyle) yani uygar toplumun do\u011fu\u015fuyla (M\u00d6 3000 dolaylar\u0131nda) h\u0131z\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 izleyen, ilkel-uygar topluluklar aras\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c k\u00fclt\u00fcrel al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f\u201d ile ba\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki kimi yazarlar, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimin bu h\u0131z\u0131 yan\u0131nda organik evrimin etkisinin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarihinin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u201cg\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmaya de\u011fmeyecek\u201d bir orana indi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir. Kimileri durdu\u011funu, kimileri ise hatta geriledi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmekte (35).<\/p>\n

          Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 15 bin y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce \u00fcretime ve 5 bin y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce uygar topluma ge\u00e7i\u015fle birlikte, insanlar\u0131n beslenme ve ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlerinde az \u00e7ok bir\u00f6rnekli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir e\u011filim ba\u015flad\u0131. End\u00fcstri devrimiyle (zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 300 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce) bilim ve teknolojideki geli\u015fmeler, insanlar\u0131n do\u011fan\u0131n mutasyon yaratan \u00e7\u0131plak etkilerinden yal\u0131tlanmas\u0131 olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 yaratt\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, insan\u0131n do\u011faya egemen olma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki ayn\u0131 etkinlikleri (elektrik sinyalleri, kimyasallar, besin i\u015fleme, end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m, n\u00fckleer ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve deneme) \u00e7o\u011fu zararl\u0131 olsa bile (onlar\u0131n ay\u0131klanmas\u0131yla) yararl\u0131 mutasyonlar\u0131n olu\u015fma ve yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Zararl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u0131 yararl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r basaca\u011f\u0131 ancak ilerde anla\u015f\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. ORGAN\u0130K EVR\u0130M-K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL EVR\u0130M ETK\u0130LE\u015e\u0130M\u0130<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Organik evrim yoluyla cinsel farkl\u0131la\u015fma, memelilik, orman ya\u015fam\u0131 fizyolojisi (\u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, ba\u015fparmakl\u0131 kavray\u0131c\u0131 eller) kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Savanada, dikilme, ayaklarla bacaklar\u0131n, ellerle kollar\u0131n artan farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131, bedenin y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131maktan kurtar\u0131lan eller, seslere, konu\u015fma noktas\u0131na dek farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p anlam y\u00fckleme olana\u011f\u0131 yaratan i\u015fitme ve ses \u00e7\u0131karma organlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi onlara eklemlenmi\u015fti. En sonunda, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bellek s\u0131\u011fas\u0131 sunan, \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini bozmaddesinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu 1.350 cm3<\/u> <\/strong>(ortalama) s\u0131\u011faya ula\u015fan beynin evrimiyle, \u00fczerinde k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimin y\u00fckseltilebilece\u011fi temelleri tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            Organik evrim-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim d\u00fczeneklerinin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>: Organik evrimin kazan\u0131mlar\u0131, genlerle sonraki ku\u015faklara aktar\u0131labilir niteliktedir. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimde bu yol t\u0131kal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel kazan\u0131mlar ancak taklit, e\u011fitim gibi yollarla ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun organik evrime g\u00f6re iki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vard\u0131r: Birincisi, organik evrim (\u00fcreme d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) ayn\u0131 ku\u015faktaki bir insandan \u00f6tekine ge\u00e7irilimezken, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc birikimler bir ki\u015fiden ba\u015fka ki\u015filere (ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015fsa bir ki\u015fiden binlerce ki\u015fiye) bir iki ku\u015fak i\u00e7inde aktar\u0131labilir. \u0130kincisi, olumsuz \u00f6\u011feler organik evrim arac\u0131 kal\u0131t\u0131m ile, ancak \u201cdo\u011fal ay\u0131klanma\u201d yoluyla uzun ku\u015faklar sonunda ay\u0131klanabilirken, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimde olumsuz \u00f6\u011feler tek ku\u015fakta bile ay\u0131klanarak aktarma yap\u0131labilir. Bunun tersi bir durumla (bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda bir konjonkt\u00fcrde siyasal erki ele ge\u00e7iren dinsel \u00e7evrelerin e\u011fitim politikalar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi) olumlu birikimlerin ay\u0131klanarak olumsuzlar\u0131n ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi de g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir, o ba\u015fka! Bu da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimin bir cilvesi.<\/p>\n

            Organik evrim ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimi ay\u0131ramayanlar\u0131n kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>: G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u201corganik kal\u0131t\u0131m\u201d ile \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel kal\u0131t\u0131m\u201d denebilecek olgular aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yap\u0131sal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimin s\u00f6z konusu edildi\u011fi yerlerde \u201ckal\u0131t\u0131m\u201d yerine \u201caktar\u0131m\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi, ak\u0131m, ideoloji, organik (genetik) kal\u0131t\u0131m ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kal\u0131t\u0131m (aktar\u0131m) aras\u0131ndaki temel fark\u0131 g\u00f6rmeyip (ya da g\u00f6rmezden gelip) ikisini birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin uluslar\u0131n, \u0131rklar\u0131n, etnik gruplar\u0131n kan ile gen ile ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen (olumlu-olumsuz) \u201ckarakter\u201d \u00f6zelliklerinden s\u00f6z edilebilmektedir. Oysa insanl\u0131k, annenin bir damla kan\u0131n\u0131n bile fet\u00fcs\u00fcn damarlar\u0131na ge\u00e7medi\u011fi gibi (ge\u00e7erse zehirlenir, fet\u00fcs kan\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u00fcretir) kan ile hi\u00e7bir karakter \u00f6zelli\u011finin ge\u00e7medi\u011fini \u00f6\u011freneli y\u00fczy\u0131l ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

            Genlerle kal\u0131t\u0131m sorununa gelince, genlerin yaln\u0131zca fizyolojik \u00f6zellikleri denetledi\u011fini biliyoruz. Tek bir duygu (sevgi, nefret) tek bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce (yarg\u0131, kavram, s\u00f6zc\u00fck) bile genlerle yavruya ge\u00e7mez, ge\u00e7irilemez. Ge\u00e7irilebilseydi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 olan s\u00f6zc\u00fckler ge\u00e7erdi. Bilindi\u011fi gibi yavru, biyolojik ana babas\u0131n\u0131n (diyelim) be\u015f biny\u0131ld\u0131r konu\u015ftu\u011fu dilden do\u011fu\u015funda be\u015f s\u00f6zc\u00fck olsun getirirdi. \u00c7ocuk yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi \u00e7evrede hangi dil konu\u015fuluyorsa \u201cana dili\u201d olarak onu (taklit ve e\u011fitimle) \u00f6\u011frenir. Genler yaln\u0131zca, fizyolojik bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olu\u015fturan beynin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 denetler. Genlerle kal\u0131t\u0131lan, simge i\u015fleme, belleme, an\u0131msama, ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme, irdeleme, ku\u015fkulanma, inceleme \u201cgizilg\u00fcc\u00fcne\u201d sahip bo\u015f (tabula rasa<\/em>) bir beyindir. \u0130\u00e7i (duygular, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler) e\u011fitimle, deneyimle doldurulur. \u00d6yle ki bir \u00e7ocuk, \u00f6\u011frenmeyince, \u00f6\u011fretilmeyince konu\u015fmay\u0131 bile beceremez.<\/p>\n

            Organik evrim ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimi (organik kal\u0131t\u0131m ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel aktar\u0131m\u0131) kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi k\u00f6leci, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 inan\u00e7lara s\u00fcr\u00fckleyebilir. S\u0131n\u0131fsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel e\u015fitsizli\u011fin do\u011fu\u015ftan geldi\u011fini, kimilerinin yaln\u0131zca yiyip i\u00e7meyi \u00e7iftle\u015fmeyi bilip, kendilerini y\u00f6netecek ak\u0131ldan bile yoksun do\u011fduklar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren Aristoteles\u2019tir. Aristoteles (kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u201camac\u0131n\u0131\u201d \u00e7\u0131karabilece\u011fimiz bir tutumla) bir efendinin y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na girmesinin k\u00f6lenin de yarar\u0131na oldu\u011fu sonucuna varan \u201cdo\u011fu\u015ftan k\u00f6lelik\u201d kuram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmi\u015fti. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n benzeri bir sonuca \u201ck\u00f6le\u201d yerine \u201c\u0131rk\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak vard\u0131klar\u0131 biliniyor. Her iki yan\u0131lman\u0131n ya da yan\u0131ltman\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel kayna\u011f\u0131, tarihsel, toplumsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bir olgunun kal\u0131t\u0131ma ba\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            Oysa organik evrim soyumuzu \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Tipte Homo sapiens <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fcne getirip (diyebiliriz ki) b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm \u0131rklar, t\u00fcm halklar, \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde t\u00fcm topluluklar (cinsel sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fcyelerinin birbirleriyle ili\u015fki kurup \u00fcreyebilmelerinin de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi) bu altt\u00fcrden gelmi\u015ftir. Bunun gibi 30 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinin Cro-magnon insan\u0131 ile \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesinin Hotento\u2019su ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Mongoloid (\u00c7inli) insan\u0131 (deri rengi gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcrle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan fizyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlenmeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) ayn\u0131 genetik yap\u0131ya sahiptirler. Bu demektir ki, hemen hemen ayn\u0131 organik evrim d\u00fczeyindedirler. Ama k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim d\u00fczeyleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan aralar\u0131nda (biny\u0131llar\u0131n, y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikiminin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc) \u00e7a\u011flar vard\u0131r. Cro-magnon Eskita\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ara\u00e7 tak\u0131m\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde, Hotento Yenita\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim d\u00fczeyinde idi. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce yakalan\u0131p k\u00f6le k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lan bir Hotento \u00e7iftin torunu bug\u00fcn bir \u00fcniversitede molek\u00fcler biyoloji bilgini olmu\u015f olabilir. Dedesi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u201ctorunum organik evrim ve \u0131rklar \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor\u201d dese, rengine bak\u0131p \u201colamaz\u201d diyen \u00e7\u0131kabilir mi? B\u00f6yle bir kimsenin soyunun, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131lda hemen tek bir \u00f6nemli mutasyon ge\u00e7irmemi\u015f (organik evrime u\u011framam\u0131\u015f) olsa da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim alan\u0131nda \u00e7a\u011flar atlamas\u0131 ancak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim ile a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir.<\/p>\n

            Benzer bir bi\u00e7imde, sosyal Darwincilerin, organik evrimin (\u201cg\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn\u201d olarak okuduklar\u0131) \u201cen uygun olan\u0131n\u201d ya\u015famda kal\u0131rken \u00f6tekilerinin \u201cdo\u011fal ay\u0131klanmaya\u201d u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015farkalma (\u201csava\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak anlad\u0131klar\u0131) sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla ilgili d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendilerini ve izleyicilerini ki\u015filer ve toplumlar hakk\u0131nda \u201cinsan insan\u0131n kurdudur\u201d sonucuna g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu sonu\u00e7 bir y\u00f6n\u00fcyle organik evrim ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimi kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu, organik evrim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan hayvan ile kendi \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim\u201d d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 yarat\u0131p orada ya\u015fayan insan\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak demektir. Hayvanlar a\u00e7l\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131nda birbirini yerken, insan \u00fcretim ile yiyecek k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorununu a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dahas\u0131 (yiyecek \u00fcretimi de i\u00e7inde) hemen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00fcretim \u201ckolektif etkinlik\u201d ile yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201cinsan insan\u0131n koludur\u201d denebilecek k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7indedir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fey, mal ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi nedeniyle topluluklar aras\u0131 ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7in de s\u00f6ylenebilir. Son olarak insan, risk hesab\u0131 yapabilecek (can\u0131n\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kavgayla, sava\u015fla tehlikeye atmayabilecek), \u00f6d\u00fcn verebilecek, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndakilerle sempati, empati kurabilecek yetenektedir. Daha \u00f6nemlisi (ortak \u00fcretimin de bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak) \u00fcrettiklerini, sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6teki insanlarla \u201cb\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ferek\u201d dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine girebilecek bir etik d\u00fczeye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f canl\u0131d\u0131r. Hayvanlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n (orman) yasalar\u0131n\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi insana, topluma, toplumlararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilere uygulamaya kalkmak (bir t\u00fcr) hayvanl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            \u201cS\u00f6zde\u201d bilimsel \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in bunlar s\u00f6ylenebilecekken, (s\u00f6zde) \u201cbilimsel yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u201d kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da \u015fu s\u00f6ylenebilir: \u0130nsan\u0131n genetik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan beri hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fi (bir an i\u00e7in) kabul edilse bile, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (insanlar aras\u0131 genetik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n) hi\u00e7bir \u00f6nemi, hi\u00e7bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            \u0130nsan\u0131n kendi organik evriminin denetimini ve y\u00f6netimini ele ge\u00e7irmesi<\/strong>: \u0130nsan ile ba\u015flayan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimin, \u00fcretime ge\u00e7i\u015fine, hatta end\u00fcstri devrimine dek kendi organik evrimi \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir etkisinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ama \u00f6teki canl\u0131lar\u0131n evrimi \u00fczerinde (baz\u0131 bitki ve hayvan t\u00fcrlerini evcille\u015ftirmesinde, evcille\u015ftirilen t\u00fcrlerin genetik yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesinde g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi) \u00f6nemli etkileri olmu\u015ftur. \u201c\u00c7aprazlama\u201d (melez \u0131rklar yeti\u015ftirme) \u201cse\u00e7ici \u00fcretme\u201d ve \u201cmayaland\u0131rma\u201d gibi yordamlama \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bulunan etkilemeler \u201cgeleneksel biyoteknoloji\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilir. End\u00fcstri devriminden sonra g\u00f6r\u00fclen bilimsel geli\u015fmeler, fizik, kimya, biyokimya, molek\u00fcler biyoloji derken \u201c\u00e7a\u011fda\u015f biyoteknoloji\u201d noktas\u0131na varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kimi bilginler bunu (insan\u0131n cans\u0131z do\u011faya egemen olmas\u0131ndan sonra) canl\u0131 do\u011faya da egemen olma yolunda \u201ckar\u0131\u015fma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u201d (\u0130ng. the age of intervention) diye adland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r (36).<\/p>\n

            Do\u011fada organik evrim, bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczlerce, binlerce y\u0131l sonra verebilecek mutasyonlarla s\u00fcr\u00fcyor olmal\u0131. Bu \u201cdo\u011fal evrim\u201d yan\u0131nda \u201cyapay evrim\u201d denebilecek bir geli\u015fmeyle, baz\u0131 bitki, hayvan, bakteri ve vir\u00fcs t\u00fcrlerinin evrimi insan\u0131n eline (insan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evriminin etkisi alt\u0131na) girmi\u015f bulunuyor. Bunun s\u00f6z konusu t\u00fcrlerin evrimini (do\u011fada g\u00f6r\u00fclenden \u00e7ok fazla) h\u0131zland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

            Bu t\u00fcr giri\u015fimlerin, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 denetleyen, k\u00e2r amac\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne alan kapitalistlerce y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinin yaratabilece\u011fi \u00f6z\u00fcrler yads\u0131namaz. Ama buna bakarak biyoteknolojiye t\u00fcmden kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak, bilimsel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmeden yana ki\u015fiyi Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131nkine ko\u015fut tutuma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Aralar\u0131ndaki fark gerek\u00e7elerinde kal\u0131r: \u201cTanr\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetkindir; tanr\u0131 rol\u00fc oynamaya kalkmak, \u015feytana kulak vermek olup insana y\u0131k\u0131m getirir\u201d. Bunu al\u0131p yerine \u201cdo\u011fan\u0131n kurdu\u011fu dengeyi bozmak yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde baz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin, hatta ya\u015fam\u0131n sonunu getirebilir\u201d \u00f6nermesini koymakt\u0131r. O da insan\u0131 en yarat\u0131c\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 bir alanda ayn\u0131 eylemsizli\u011fe d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u0130nsan olmak, ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri do\u011faya boyun e\u011fmek de\u011fil, onu y\u00f6nlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak olagelmi\u015ftir. Sorun, bilimin teknolojinin kendisinde de\u011fildir. Kimin denetiminde olup, kimlerin yarar\u0131na kimlerin zarar\u0131na kullan\u0131l\u0131yor sorusuyla ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

            Kendini yaratan insan <\/strong>(37): Bu noktada, biyoteknolojinin insan\u0131n kendi organik evrimine olas\u0131 etkileri konusuna ge\u00e7ilebilir. \u00d6nce, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan, Adem ile Havva\u2019n\u0131n Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n buyru\u011funu dinlemeyerek i\u015fledikleri g\u00fcnah\u0131n cezas\u0131 olarak verildi\u011fine ve ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa ge\u00e7ti\u011fine inan\u0131lan bir g\u00fcnah\u0131n cezas\u0131 olarak (kolayca) yorumlan\u0131veren do\u011fu\u015ftan (kal\u0131tsal) bozukluklar\u0131n bir bir d\u00fczeltilebilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar buna ancak \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi cezalar\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi engellenmesin\u201d diye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilirler. Bu da onlar\u0131 (\u201cG\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerin ya\u015famda kal\u0131p g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczlerin elenerek insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn evrimini sa\u011flayan do\u011fa yasas\u0131na kar\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n. Toplumsal g\u00fcvenlik kurumlar\u0131 ve hastaneler gibi kurulu\u015flarla, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczlerin, hastal\u0131kl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fay\u0131p \u00fcremelerine olanak sa\u011flanarak insan t\u00fcr\u00fc yozla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u201d diyenlere) \u00e7arp\u0131k bir evrimcilik olan \u201cSosyal Darwinci\u201d tutuma yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00f6z konusu savlar\u0131, bu iki tutumu tak\u0131nanlar\u0131n her birini, (sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131na nereden gelirse gelsin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm arayan) sa\u011fduyulu kamuoyunun g\u00f6z\u00fcnden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ger\u00e7ekten, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n karabasan\u0131 meme kanserine ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazand\u0131ran mutasyona u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f geni \u015fu anda bir \u0130ngiliz annenin karn\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131yan k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun do\u011fmas\u0131na (g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fmeden) kim kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilir?<\/p>\n

            \u0130nsan\u0131n kendi genomuna (organik evrimine) zararl\u0131 genlerin ay\u0131klan\u0131p denetlenmesi yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u201cyararl\u0131\u201d fizyolojik \u00f6zellikler kazand\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen genlerin a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, daha fazla duyarl\u0131l\u0131k gerektiren bir konu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kap\u0131, \u201c\u00fcstinsan\u201d, \u201c\u00fcst\u00fcn bireyler\u201d ve s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131na kapal\u0131 \u201cgenetik kastlar toplumu\u201d gibi korkulara a\u00e7\u0131k (38). Ancak bu (bilim ve teknoloji \u00fcretimi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahipli\u011fi ve denetimi konusuyla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra) yak\u0131n bir gelece\u011fin sorunu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla (gelece\u011fin toplumunun \u015fimdiden tam olarak bilemeyece\u011fimiz ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131n\u0131p de\u011ferlendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in) gelece\u011fin g\u00fcndemine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 uygun olur. \u0130lerinin olas\u0131 bir olumsuzlu\u011funu odak al\u0131p g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn gelesi olumlulu\u011funa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak do\u011fru tutum olmaz.<\/p>\n

            D\u0130PNOTLAR <\/strong><\/p>\n

            1) Yeni (2001) T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisiyle, Kutsal Kitap,<\/em> \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d, 1\/3\u2019te \u201cTanr\u0131 \u201c\u0131\u015f\u0131k olsun\u201d diye buyurdu ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u201d; Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim<\/em>, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Anlam\u0131, (Diyanet 1987 \u00e7evirisi) i\u00e7inde ise:<\/p>\n

            \u201cG\u00f6kleri ve yeri yoktan var eden Allah\u2019t\u0131r. O bir i\u015fin olmas\u0131n\u0131 dilerse, ona ancak (yaln\u0131zca) \u201col\u201d der ve (o) olur\u201d (\u201cBakara\u201d, 117) denmektedir.<\/p>\n

            2) Ermi\u015f (St.) Augustinus, yetkin yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da yetkin olaca\u011f\u0131 inanc\u0131n\u0131, yaratma i\u015finin s\u00fcresine dek yaymaktad\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6re, yarat\u0131\u015f s\u00fcresi alt\u0131 g\u00fcnden az ya da fazla olamazd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 6, matematik\u00e7ilerin \u201cyetkin say\u0131\u201d dedikleri, \u00e7arpanlar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131 kendine e\u015fit (1x2x3=1+2+3) olan bir say\u0131d\u0131r (bkz. Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel, Siyasal D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler Tarihi<\/em>, Ankara, 2008, Bilim ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.262).<\/p>\n

            3) \u201cTanr\u0131 yaratt\u0131klar\u0131na bakt\u0131 ve her \u015feyin \u00e7ok iyi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u201d (\u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d, 1\/31); \u201cYaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 her \u015feyi g\u00fczel yaratan\u2026\u201d (\u201cBakara, 7).<\/p>\n

            4) Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar bu noktada \u201cK\u00fclli irade\u201d Allah\u2019\u0131nd\u0131r ancak kuluna da \u201cc\u00fczi irade\u201d ba\u011f\u0131\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r sav\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcreceklerdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kulun yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan sorumlu olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedirler. Bu durumda tart\u0131\u015fma, ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 c\u00fczi iradenin yeterli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ondan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc (yine Allah\u2019\u0131n arma\u011fan\u0131) tutkular\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin cinsel tutkunun) nas\u0131l dizginlenebilece\u011fi noktas\u0131na kay\u0131p d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlenecektir.<\/p>\n

            5) H\u0131ristiyan din bilginli\u011findeki Latince deyi\u015flerle: \u201comnipresence<\/em>\u201d, \u201comniscience<\/em>\u201d, ve \u201comnipotence<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

            6) Dinsel Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her ne kadar Adem ile Havva taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenen g\u00fcnah\u0131n (su\u00e7un?) kal\u0131tsal olup, ge\u00e7mi\u015f, gelecek t\u00fcm insanlara ge\u00e7ece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenirse de (bu yolda Kutsal Kitap<\/em> i\u00e7inde \u201cdedeler koruk yedi torunlar\u0131n\u0131n di\u015fleri kama\u015ft\u0131\u201d gibi s\u00f6zler yaz\u0131l\u0131ysa da) bunun, sorumlu tutup cezaland\u0131rma f\u0131rsat\u0131 vermesinden ba\u015fka bir amac\u0131n\u0131n daha bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor: \u201c\u0130nsan \u00f6zg\u00fcr istencini (iradesini) yitirmi\u015ftir. Kendini do\u011fru d\u00fcr\u00fcst y\u00f6netemez. Tanr\u0131, tanr\u0131 s\u00f6z\u00fc ya da kitab\u0131 uyar\u0131nca tanr\u0131 buyru\u011funu uygulayan ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmelidir! \u0130lk g\u00fcnah \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn, \u201cyarat\u0131lan\u201d insan\u0131n, hele atalar\u0131n\u0131n eylemlerinden, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden dolay\u0131 torunlar\u0131n ve topluca sorumlu tutulup cezaland\u0131r\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in uyduruldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ama bu da \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerinin (kolektif sorumluluk yerine getirilen \u201cbireysel sorumluluk\u201d ve \u201ccezalar\u0131n bireyselli\u011fi\u201d ilkelerinin) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131s\u0131nda bir anlay\u0131\u015f olmaz m\u0131?<\/p>\n

            7) Bkz. \u201cAraf\u201d, 95 ve \u201cSecde\u201d, 9; Kutsal Kitap<\/em>, \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d, 2\/7.<\/p>\n

            8) Bkz. Jean-Paul Sartre, Varolu\u015f\u00e7uluk, \u00e7ev. As\u0131m Bezirci, Say Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul. Benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerle ve \u201cevrimci\u201d anlay\u0131\u015fla bir arkeolog bilimci taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iki yap\u0131t: Gordon Childe, Kendini<\/em> Yaratan<\/em> \u0130nsan<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Filiz Karabey Ofluo\u011flu, \u0130stanbul,1978, Varl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel<\/em> Evrim<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Cemal Balc\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1994, Alan Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k.<\/p>\n

            9) Bkz. \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d, 1\/14; \u201cBakara\u201d, 189. Aristoteles de maddenin ve evrenin \u201cereksellik\u00e7i\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak, tanr\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine \u201cyetkine\u201d (kendine) ula\u015fma ere\u011fi koydu\u011fu varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zamanla madde, bitki, hayvan, insan a\u015famalar\u0131na ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek, \u201cyarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131- evrimci\u201d kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc geli\u015ftirmi\u015fti. (bkz. \u015eenel, Siyasal D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler<\/em> Tarihi<\/em>, s.180.)<\/p>\n

            10) \u0130rlanda (Protestan) Ba\u015fpiskoposu James Ussher, 1650 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kutsal Kitap<\/em> i\u00e7inde ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en peygamberler dizisinin ya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 toplayarak (bkz. 19. not) yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n M\u00d6 4004 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130slam \u201cilim\u201d kaynaklar\u0131nda ise, \u0130bn Mukafa ve Taberi kaynak g\u00f6sterilerek, Adem ile Muhammed aras\u0131nda 6013 y\u0131l oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (bkz. Abdurrahman Dilipak, \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Tarihi<\/em>, \u0130\u015faret ve Fersat ortak yay\u0131n\u0131, s.17). Bilim \u00e7evrelerinde ise, evrenin ya\u015f\u0131 (B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama kuram\u0131na ve \u00f6teki ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131larak yap\u0131lan kestirmelerle) zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 12-15 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6ncelerine konmaktayd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn, NASA\u2019n\u0131n insans\u0131z uzay arac\u0131 (WMAP) yoluyla sa\u011flanan yeni bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, daha \u00f6zg\u00fcl bir tarih olarak 13,7 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

            11) Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u201cevrim bir olgu ise canl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015fin ve insana varana dek evrimin kesin tarihi ve kesin soya\u011fac\u0131 neden verilemeyip ikide bir de\u011fi\u015ftiriliyor?\u201d ele\u015ftirel sorusuna Evrimcilerin verebilece\u011fi bir yan\u0131t var: Bilim, inanca de\u011fil ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye, mant\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, gerekirse bulgulara g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek geli\u015ftirilir. Konu, evrim gibi milyonlarca, milyarlarca y\u0131l ge\u00e7mi\u015fe uzanan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7le ilgiliyse, i\u015f, binlerce, onbinlerce bilgi par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n elde edilip birle\u015ftirilmesi olunca, bilimsel bilginin kurulu\u015fu, ister istemez, bir \u201cyap-boz\u201d oyunu gibi olacakt\u0131r. Zamanla b\u00fct\u00fcn par\u00e7alar do\u011fru yerlerine konacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            12) Burada Wittgenstein\u2019\u0131n, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus<\/em> (1921) yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nen \u201ckonu\u015fulamayacak yerde susmak gerek\u201d diye \u00e7evrilebilecek olan (\u0130ngilizceye \u201cWhereof we cannot speak, thereof we must be silent\u201d bi\u00e7iminde \u00e7evrilen) s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc an\u0131msatman\u0131n zaman\u0131d\u0131r. (bkz. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, <\/em>\u00e7ev. Oru\u00e7 Aruoba, Mart 1985, BSF yay\u0131nlar\u0131)<\/p>\n

            13) Oysa Kutsal Kitap<\/em> i\u00e7inde (\u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn hemen ba\u015flar\u0131nda) 3. g\u00fcnde karalarda bitkilerin, 4. g\u00fcnde Ay\u2019\u0131n, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n, 5. g\u00fcnde sularda hayvanlar\u0131n, havalarda ku\u015flar\u0131n, 6. g\u00fcnde insan\u0131n yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 (demek ki bitkilerin G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten \u00f6nce yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131) yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            14) \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d kitab\u0131nda, ilk canl\u0131lar olan (derleyicilerince o tarihte bilinmesi olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan) tek h\u00fccrelilerin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7medi\u011fi gibi, \u201cBilimsel Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u201d kitapta sulardaki canl\u0131lar\u0131n, karalarda ya\u015fam\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan iki g\u00fcn sonra yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131\u015f (?) olmal\u0131lar. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u201cak\u0131ll\u0131-bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k\u201d ak\u0131m\u0131 bi\u00e7imine b\u00fcr\u00fcnen bir zamanlar\u0131n \u201cBilimsel Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u201d savunucular\u0131na ve onun \u201cBilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Vakf\u0131\u201d (BAV) gibi T\u00fcrkiye uzant\u0131lar\u0131na ger\u00e7ek bilimsel \u00e7evrelerden (Amerikan Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nden) verilen yan\u0131t i\u00e7in bkz. Bilim ve Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/em> (A.B.D Ulusal Bilimler Akademisinin G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc) \u00e7ev. Engin U. Akkaya, \u0130stanbul, 1985, Sosyal Yay\u0131nlar. \u00c7e\u015fitli bilim dallar\u0131ndan 11 \u00fcyelik kurulun haz\u0131rlay\u0131p Akademi\u2019nin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olarak yay\u0131nlanan bildiride (s.76) \u015fu sonuca var\u0131lmaktayd\u0131: \u201c\u015funu kesinlikle belirtmek isteriz ki, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, ya\u015fam\u0131n k\u00f6kenini do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lere ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kesinlikle bilimsel de\u011fildir.\u201d (abc) Amerikan Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nin evrimin yeni kan\u0131tlar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki 2008 bildirisi i\u00e7in bkz. Bilim ve Gelecek<\/em>, 57, Kas\u0131m 2008 say\u0131s\u0131, s.4\u201317.<\/p>\n

            15) G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn cynobacteria<\/em> t\u00fcrlerine \u00e7ok benzeyen 11 bakteri t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn fosillerinin Avustralya\u2019daki 3 milyar 465 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k kayalar i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu sav\u0131 i\u00e7in ve s\u00f6z konusu buluntular\u0131n canl\u0131 fosilleri olmad\u0131klar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 savlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. The Guardian<\/em> gazetesi, 7 March 2002, Nature <\/em>eki, s.11.<\/p>\n

            16) Bkz. Osman G\u00fcrel, Ya\u015fam\u0131n K\u00f6keni<\/em>, \u0130stanbul, 1999, Pan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 46 ve The<\/em> Timetables of Science<\/em>, ed. Alexander Hellemans-Bryan Bunch, New York, 1988, Simon and Schuster 1953 y\u0131l\u0131 bilimsel bulu\u015flar\u0131.<\/p>\n

            17) Bkz. NTV bilim<\/em> 1, Mart 2009 say\u0131s\u0131, s.70.<\/p>\n

            18) Bkz. G\u00f6zen Erdem, \u201c\u0130lk Canl\u0131n\u0131n Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d, Cumhuriyet Bilim Teknik<\/em> eki, no. 581 (1998).<\/p>\n

            19) Dominique Simmonet, \u201cGiri\u015f\u201d, Andre Langarey ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131, D\u00fcnyan\u0131n En G\u00fczel<\/em> Tarihi<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Emine \u00c7aykara, \u0130stanbul, 2000, \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 32. Bu hesab\u0131n dayand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d, 5\/1-22\u2019deki soya\u011fac\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: Adem 130 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u015eit\u2019in babas\u0131 olur ve toplam 930 y\u0131l ya\u015far. \u015eit 912, Eno\u015f 905, Kenan 910, Mahalalel 895, Yeret 962, Hanpok 365, Metu\u015felah 969 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Lemek ise, 182 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken o\u011flu Nuh\u2019a baba olmu\u015f ve 777 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Nuh\u2019un 500 ya\u015f\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. B\u00f6ylece soya\u011fac\u0131 Tufan\u2019a dek getirilmi\u015f olur. Nuh\u2019un Sam, Ham, Yafet olarak \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011ful babas\u0131 oldu\u011fu yaz\u0131l\u0131p soya\u011fac\u0131 noktalan\u0131r. Bundan sonras\u0131 Ussher\u2019in (bkz. 10. not) Kutsal Kitap<\/em>\u2019\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir titizlikle inceleyip yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan hesaplamalarla tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            20) Havva hakk\u0131nda benzeri bir yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn (bkz. \u201cNisa\u201d, 41) i\u00e7inde b\u00f6yle bir deyi\u015f bulunsayd\u0131, \u0130slam Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ne derlerdi? Olas\u0131l\u0131kla (\u201cYunus\u201d, 61\u2019deki \u201cyerde ve g\u00f6kte hi\u00e7bir zerre Rabbinden gizli de\u011fildir. Bundan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veya daha b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015f\u00fcphesiz apa\u00e7\u0131k bir Kitab\u2019dad\u0131r\u201d ayetine dayanarak) Kur\u2019an<\/em>\u2019da (atomdan ve atomalt\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan s\u00f6z edildi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri gibi) \u201canestezinin\u201d de bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyeceklerdi. Ancak \u00f6nemli olan atomalt\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar, anestezi bulunduktan sonra Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n onlar\u0131 Kur\u2019an<\/em>\u2019da \u201cyeniden\u201d bulmalar\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ne de Allah\u2019\u0131n onlar\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmakt\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ek bir yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla anesteziyi bulup, milyarlarca insan\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r \u00e7ekmekte olduklar\u0131 \u015fiddetli ac\u0131lara son vermektir.<\/p>\n

            21) Bkz. Sparks, Battle of the Sexes<\/em>, s. 204.<\/p>\n

            22) Bkz. Franz Oppenheimer, Devlet<\/em>, \u00e7ev. A. \u015eenel ve Y. Sabuncu, Ankara, 2005, Phoenix Yay\u0131nevi.<\/p>\n

            23) Bkz. Fran\u00e7ois Jacob, M\u00fcmk\u00fcnlerin Oyunu<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Turhan Ilgaz, \u0130stanbul, 1996, Kesit Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

            24) \u0130\u015fin ilgin\u00e7 yan\u0131, bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re de, hayvanlar\u0131n h\u00fccre \u00e7ekirdeklerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan bu genetik organelin de bir canl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r; onunla ortakya\u015fam (Lat. symbiosis<\/em>) i\u00e7inde ya\u015famam\u0131zd\u0131r: Hayvanlar\u0131n enerji \u00fcretmesinde, bitkilerle hayvanlar\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn t\u00fcm \u0131rklar\u0131n\u0131n ortak atas\u0131n\u0131n (\u201cmitokondriyel Havva\u201d denen varsay\u0131msal kad\u0131n\u0131n) ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerin ve yakla\u015f\u0131k tarihinin saptanmas\u0131nda rol oynayan mitochondrion<\/em>\u2019dur. Bir zamanlar serbest ya\u015fayan bir bakteri olup, ya\u015fam\u0131n evriminin \u00e7ok erken bir tarihinde, b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fccreleri \u201cistila\u201d ederek i\u00e7lerinde ya\u015famaya ba\u015flay\u0131p onlarla symbiosis<\/em> i\u00e7ine girerek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klama do\u011fru ise, yap\u0131m\u0131zda bir de\u011fil (\u015fimdilik bilinen) iki canl\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r! Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar buna ne diyecek?<\/p>\n

            25) \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d, 1\/29-30\u2019da, Rab\u2019bin, yiyecek olarak hayvanlara otlar\u0131; insanlara bitkilerle birlikte hayvanlar\u0131 verdi\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Kur\u2019an<\/em>, \u201cHud\u201d 6\u2019daki \u201cYery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar\u0131n r\u0131zk\u0131 ancak Allah\u2019a aittir\u201d deyi\u015finde de yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 inan\u00e7lar\u0131n bu ereksellik\u00e7i mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesel d\u00fczeyde dile getirilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            26) Eski \u00e7eviride \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d yerine \u201cTekvin\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131lan b\u00f6l\u00fcmde (2\/15\u2019te) Rab Allah\u2019\u0131n insan\u0131 yaratt\u0131ktan sonra \u201cbakmas\u0131 ve korumas\u0131\u201d i\u00e7in Adin bah\u00e7esine koydu\u011fu yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ngilizce \u00e7eviride de benzeri bir anlama gelecek \u201cto dress and to keep it\u201d Yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7eviride \u201conu i\u015flemesi i\u00e7in\u201d bi\u00e7imine sokulmu\u015f bulunuyor. Kur\u2019an<\/em>, \u201cZariyat\u201d, 56\u2019da \u201cCinleri ve insanlar\u0131 ancak Bana kulluk etmeleri i\u00e7in yaratm\u0131\u015f\u0131md\u0131r\u201d denmektedir.<\/p>\n

            27) Mitosun bu sonuca haz\u0131rlayan \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc (i\u00e7in bkz. Alexander Heidel (der. ve \u00e7ev.) Enuma Eli\u015f<\/em> (Babil Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131), \u00e7ev. \u0130smet Birkan, Ankara, 2000, Ayra\u00e7 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; ek bilgiler i\u00e7in bkz. Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel, Kemirgenlerden S\u00f6m\u00fcrgenlere \u0130nsanl\u0131k Tarihi, <\/em>Ankara, 2006, \u0130mge Kitabevi; S. H. Hooke, Ortado\u011fu Mitolojisi<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel, Ankara, 2002, \u0130mge Kitabevi) \u00f6zetle \u015f\u00f6yledir: Eski tanr\u0131 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olan yeni tanr\u0131 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131 egemenlik sava\u015f\u0131 patlak vermi\u015ftir. Yeni ku\u015fak sava\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131nca tutsaklar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek ile k\u00f6lele\u015ftirmek aras\u0131nda karars\u0131z kal\u0131n\u0131r. Anla\u015f\u0131lan, \u00f6yk\u00fcy\u00fc kuranlar, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme se\u00e7ene\u011finin insanlardaki tanr\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc inanc\u0131n\u0131 sarsmas\u0131ndan korkmu\u015flard\u0131r. K\u00f6le k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmalar\u0131ysa, \u201cnas\u0131l olsa tanr\u0131lar\u0131 besleyip onlara hizmet eden tutsak tanr\u0131lar var\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine varabilecektir. Bu da insanlardan tanr\u0131lar\u0131 (adak ve kurbanlarla) besleyip onlara (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla din adamlar\u0131na, y\u00f6neticilere) hizmet etmelerini istemelerini zorla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm, tutsak tanr\u0131lara benzer bi\u00e7imde, t\u00fcm tanr\u0131lara hizmet edecek bir canl\u0131 olarak insan\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131nda bulunur. \u00d6yleyse, insan\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f ere\u011fi tanr\u0131lara kulluk etmesidir. \u201cVarl\u0131k nedeni\u201d de budur!<\/p>\n

            28) Bu ge\u00e7i\u015fin ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve tarihi ile ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in bkz. \u015eenel, \u0130nsanl\u0131k Tarihi, <\/em>s.320n. ve Jose L. Lorenzo, \u201cThe Origin of Humanity in America\u201d, History of Humanity<\/em>, cilt III, 7\/129 (UNESCO, 1994).<\/p>\n

            29) William Sanders, \u201cIntroduction\u201d, History of Humanity<\/em>, cilt III, s.551.<\/p>\n

            30) William H. McNeill, D\u00fcnya Tarihi<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel, Ankara, 2009, \u0130mge Kitabevi, s.474.<\/p>\n

            31) \u00d6rne\u011fin Cortes\u2019in ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi 1519\u2019da 11 milyon olan Meksika Vadisi\u2019nin n\u00fcfusunun 1650\u2019de 1,5 milyona d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130spanyol Amerikas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ise 1500\u2019de 50 milyon kadar olan n\u00fcfusu 1650\u2019de 4,5 milyona d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f bulunuyordu. (McNeill, D\u00fcnya Tarihi<\/em>, s.430).<\/p>\n

            32) Bu kronoloji Webster\u2019s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary<\/em> (1989 bask\u0131s\u0131) s.483\u2019ten; Nephan Saran, Antropoloji<\/em> (1993) s.32\u2019den; Osman G\u00fcrel, Ya\u015fam\u0131n K\u00f6keni<\/em>, (1999), s.58\u2019den derlenmi\u015ftir; derlemeye, Darwinus massilae<\/em> en son ve en eksiksiz fosil buluntu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

            33) Metin \u00d6zbek, \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131n Biyolojik Evrimi\u201d Sanat ve Hayat,<\/em> 38, Haziran 2009 say\u0131s\u0131, s.19 (19 Nisan 2009 tarihinde yap\u0131lan \u201cEvrim Teorisi ve \u0130nsan\u201d paneli konu\u015fmas\u0131).<\/p>\n

            34) Bkz. Harun Yahya, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131<\/em>, 2. cilt, \u0130stanbul, 2006, Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k ve Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu, \u201cD\u00fcnya B\u00f6yle Bir Alim G\u00f6rmedi\u201d, Bilim ve Gelecek<\/em>, 39, May\u0131s 2007 say\u0131s\u0131, s.4-8.<\/p>\n

            35) Utah \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Henry Harpending, insanlardaki genetik de\u011fi\u015fmenin (y\u00fczde 7 ay\u0131klanmayla) son be\u015f bin y\u0131l i\u00e7inde tarihinin en y\u00fcksek oran\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. London College University\u2019den Steve Jones ise, 35 ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fcndekilerde mutasyon olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, alt\u0131ndakilerden 3 kat y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131na dayanarak, Harpending\u2019inkinin tam z\u0131dd\u0131 bir sonuca ula\u015f\u0131yor: \u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z (\u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131l\u0131) insan\u0131n\u0131n 35 ya\u015f \u00fczerinde \u00e7ocuk edinmeme e\u011filiminden dolay\u0131 mutasyon oran\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla evrimin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunuyor.<\/p>\n

            36) Bkz. Clifford Grobstein, \u201cDo\u011faya Kar\u0131\u015fma Yolunda Yeni Bir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n \u0130ni\u015fi\u201d, Biyoteknoloji, Genetik M\u00fchendisli\u011fi ve \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Gelece\u011fi<\/em> i\u00e7inde, s.49-65. Grobstein\u2019\u0131n bu konuda Katolik filozof Francauer\u2019den yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131nt\u0131daki, insan\u0131n tanr\u0131 suretinde, yani tanr\u0131 gibi bir yarat\u0131c\u0131 olarak yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, tanr\u0131 ile birlikte kendisinin daha tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f evriminin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131lmakla g\u00f6revli oldu\u011fu yolundaki (s.64\u2019te verilen) yorumu ilgin\u00e7!<\/p>\n

            37) Bkz. Gordon Childe, Kendini Yaratan \u0130nsan<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Filiz Karabey Ofluo\u011flu, \u0130stanbul, 1978, Varl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

            38) Bkz. Aldous Huxley, Yeni Cesur D\u00fcnya<\/em>, (\u00e7ev. \u00dcmit Tosun, \u0130thaki Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Haziran 1999) adl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fctopyas\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr korkular\u0131, \u201cbiyoteknoloji\u201d ortal\u0131klarda yokken bile (1932\u2019de) dile getirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bir yontucu ile yontular\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye benzetilebilir. Ya da kuklac\u0131 ile kuklalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye. Bir yontucu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ki, yaln\u0131z yontular\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, onlar\u0131 yonttu\u011fu ta\u015flar\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, bal\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 da kendisi (yoktan) yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir kuklac\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fleyin ki, kendisinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuklalar\u0131 (on parma\u011f\u0131nda) oynatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kendi seslendirmektedir. Bir teknik geli\u015ftirmi\u015f, kuklalar\u0131 a\u011fz\u0131ndan kendi sesini iletmektedir. Burada […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":492,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[102,211,32,221,29],"tags":[200],"class_list":["post-9393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-65-sayi","category-antropoloji","category-evrim","category-felsefe","category-toplum","tag-evrim"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t