{"id":9542,"date":"2009-03-01T12:53:34","date_gmt":"2009-03-01T10:53:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9542"},"modified":"2017-05-20T22:26:38","modified_gmt":"2017-05-20T19:26:38","slug":"nietzscheye-gore-ahlak-ve-din","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/03\/01\/nietzscheye-gore-ahlak-ve-din","title":{"rendered":"Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re ahlak ve din"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nietzsche i\u00e7in ahlak, insan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne devaml\u0131 kurallar ve yasaklar koyan bir olgudur. \u0130nsan bu yasaklara ve kurallara uyarak i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerini bast\u0131r\u0131r ve k\u00f6reltir. Bu, insan\u0131n kendine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130nsan, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri k\u00f6reldi\u011fi i\u00e7in her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn ba\u015fka fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klarda bulunur ve kendini riske atar. Devrimler, reformlar da hep bu fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnleridir. Nietzsche bu ba\u011flamda Frans\u0131z devrimi, demokrasi ve \u0130ncil<\/em>\u2019e eserlerinde g\u00f6ndermeler yapar. Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re tarih devrimlerin ve reformlar\u0131n etkisiyle ilerlemi\u015f ve mahvolmu\u015ftur. Bundan kurtulman\u0131n yolu insan\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlayan dini, hayattan s\u0131y\u0131rmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re devaml\u0131 yasaklar getiren bir ahlak, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00fcst insan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde de bir engeldir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcst insan kusursuzdur ve gerek yasaklar gerekse \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar bu kusursuzlu\u011fa g\u00f6lge d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ahlak\u0131n k\u00f6keni dini kayg\u0131lar ve \u00f6nyarg\u0131lard\u0131r. Dinler \u00e7o\u011funlukla bir ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturmak hedefiyle kurulmu\u015flard\u0131r ve her dinin ele\u015ftiriye a\u00e7\u0131k olmayan y\u00f6nleri vard\u0131r ve bu da insan\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcle\u015ftirir. \u0130nsan; hayvan ve \u00fcst insan aras\u0131nda kalan bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r ve insan\u0131n \u00fcstinsana ge\u00e7ebilmesi yani ger\u00e7ek bir ilerleme g\u00f6stermesi i\u00e7in de k\u00f6klerini dinden alan ahlaktan s\u0131yr\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunludur.<\/p>\n

Nietzsche hayat\u0131 boyunca nihilizmle sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En basit anlam\u0131yla nihilizm her \u015feyin anlam ve de\u011ferden yoksunla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re nihilizm y\u00fcz\u00fcnden idealizm \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f, korkular ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ve bunda en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay dinlerindir. Dini ahlaka g\u00f6re dini inan\u00e7 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ahlakl\u0131 olmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Oysa Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re insan do\u011fal bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n ahlak\u0131 kadar ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da do\u011fald\u0131r. Bu sebeple insan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne koyulan ahlaki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler Nietzsche taraf\u0131ndan reddedilir. Yani Nietzsche\u2019nin sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey dinin kendisi de\u011fil, dinin insan\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 kurallar koymas\u0131d\u0131r. Nietzsche, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne b\u00f6yle engeller koyan bir din olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in lanetler ve eserlerinde tanr\u0131 ve din kavram\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ini bo\u015faltmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarf eder. \u00a0\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ancak b\u00f6ylelikle insan\u0131 geriye g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek olan ahlak kavram\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7i bo\u015falt\u0131labilecektir.<\/p>\n

Nietzsche tanr\u0131 kavram\u0131ndan bahsederken \u00e7o\u011funlukla insan\u0131 nihilizme g\u00f6t\u00fcren tanr\u0131lar\u0131 kastediyorsa da genellikle H\u0131ristiyan inanc\u0131ndaki tanr\u0131ya at\u0131fta bulunur. Ona g\u00f6re bu tanr\u0131 insan\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi i\u00e7in yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Emredicidir. Bir\u00e7ok buyruk ve yasa\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r ve hayat\u0131 katlanabilir k\u0131lar. Nietzsche buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ona g\u00f6re, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyecek vaatler veren din insan\u0131 sadece \u00e7ilecili\u011fe iter. Bu da insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr do\u011fas\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nietzsche \u015een Bilim<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde tanr\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re adaletsizlik, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve ac\u0131lar iyi bir tanr\u0131ya mal edilemez. Ancak d\u00fcnyada b\u00fcy\u00fck adaletsizlikler, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve ac\u0131lar vard\u0131r. O halde m\u00fckemmellikten yoksun olan bu tanr\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc zorunludur. Aksi takdirde \u00fcstinsana ula\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cO\u2019nu biz \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fck, sizlerle ben! O\u2019nun katiliyiz hepimiz. Ama bunu nas\u0131l yapt\u0131k? Denizi kim i\u00e7ebilir? B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7evreyi silmemiz i\u00e7in bize bu s\u00fcngeri kim verdi? Onu g\u00fcne\u015fin zincirlerinden kurtar\u0131rken ne yapt\u0131k biz yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde? Nereye gidiyor \u015fimdi d\u00fcnya, biz nereye gidiyoruz? B\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcne\u015flerden uza\u011fa m\u0131? S\u00fcrekli, bo\u015f yere geriye, \u00f6ne ve yana, b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nlere at\u0131l\u0131p durmuyor muyuz? \u00dcst alt kald\u0131 m\u0131? Sanki sonsuz bir hi\u00e7te yolumuzu yitirmiyor muyuz? Bo\u015f uzay\u0131n solu\u011funu duymuyor muyuz? Hava giderek so\u011fumuyor mu? Giderek daha \u00e7ok, daha \u00e7ok gece gelmiyor mu? \u00d6\u011fleden \u00f6nce fenerleri yakmak gerekmiyor mu? Tanr\u0131\u2019y\u0131 g\u00f6men mezar kaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir ses duyuyor muyuz? Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesinden ba\u015fka bir koku duyuyor muyuz? Tanr\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc! Tanr\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc! O\u2019nu \u00f6ld\u00fcren biziz! B\u00fct\u00fcn katillerin katili olan biz, nas\u0131l avunaca\u011f\u0131z?\u201d<\/p>\n

Karl Jaspers\u2019e g\u00f6re, Nietzsche \u201cTanr\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc\u201d derken, asl\u0131nda Tanr\u0131 yok dememektedir. Tanr\u0131\u2019ya inanm\u0131yorum da dememektedir. Aksine, Tanr\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc demektedir. \u0130leri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde \u00e7a\u011fa ve kendi \u00f6z\u00fcne bakarak, o anki ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin bir bulgusunu tespit etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

Nietzsche\u2019nin dine olan en b\u00fcy\u00fck ele\u015ftirisi ahlak y\u00f6n\u00fcndendir. Nietzsche\u2019nin dini eti\u011fe bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131kta inceleyebiliriz. Nietzsche H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kin beslemektedir. Bunu \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle ifade eder:<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k, zay\u0131f, adi, k\u00f6t\u00fc yap\u0131l\u0131 olan her \u015feyin yan\u0131nda oldu ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ya\u015fam\u0131n aksini sa\u011flayacak i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri idealle\u015ftirdi…\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 lanetliyorum! H\u0131ristiyan kilisesinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na, bir savc\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimdiye dek ortaya s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7lamay\u0131 ifade ediyorum. Bana g\u00f6re H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k, yozla\u015fman\u0131n en u\u00e7 bi\u00e7imidir ve alg\u0131lanabilecek niha\u00ee bir yozla\u015fman\u0131n istemine sahiptir!\u201d<\/p>\n

Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k bilim d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k gibi ger\u00e7eklikle ili\u015fkisi olmayan, ger\u00e7eklik gelir gelmez uzakla\u015fmak zorunda olan bir din, do\u011fal olarak d\u00fcnya hikmetinin, yani bilimin d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olacakt\u0131r\u201d (Deccal<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cH\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k, eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn miras\u0131n\u0131 bizden \u00e7ald\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nietzsche Yahudili\u011fin de H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k gibi insan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne engeller koyan bir din oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Nietzsche\u2019nin Yahudi d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda ona b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u015fk ac\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ektirmi\u015f olan Lou Salome\u2019un Yahudi olu\u015funun da etkisi olabilir. Buna Nietzsche\u2019nin k\u0131z karde\u015fi Elisabeth\u2019in de bir Yahudi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 oldu\u011funu ekleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Nietzsche\u2019nin b\u00f6ylesine ac\u0131mas\u0131zca ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi, i\u00e7lerini bo\u015faltmaya, k\u00f6klerini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 dinlerin Nietzsche\u2019ye bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a serttir. Nietzsche H\u0131ristiyan ve Yahudi inanc\u0131na g\u00f6re adeta deccal ilan edilmi\u015ftir. Yani Mesih\u2019in ikinci defa yery\u00fcz\u00fcne gelmesinden \u00f6nce yery\u00fcz\u00fcne gelecek insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe ve imans\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6neltecek ki\u015fi. Nietzsche\u2019nin esas amac\u0131 da zaten budur; insan\u0131 imandan ve iman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi s\u00f6zde iyilikten s\u0131y\u0131rmak. Deccal<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde Nietzsche bu konudan uzun uzun s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Peki, Nietzsche t\u00fcm dinleri ve t\u00fcm tanr\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 reddeder mi? Nietzsche, tepkisinin tek ba\u015f\u0131na tanr\u0131ya ve dine olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Deccal<\/em>\u2019da belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u201cBizi farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan \u015fey, tarihte, do\u011fada veya do\u011fan\u0131n arkas\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir tanr\u0131y\u0131 tan\u0131mamam\u0131z de\u011fildir. Bizi farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan tanr\u0131 diye h\u00fcrmet edileni tanr\u0131ya benzer bulmamam\u0131zd\u0131r\u201d<\/p>\n

Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re de bir tanr\u0131 imaj\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bu imaj en m\u00fckemmel, en kusursuz oland\u0131r. Bu kusursuz tanr\u0131 da insan\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye sevk etmez, ona yan\u0131ltmaz, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerini ve nefsini k\u00f6reltmez.<\/p>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7 \u0130stenci<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131n 1037. aforizmas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cTanr\u0131 en y\u00fcksek kudrettir. Her \u015fey ondan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. D\u00fcnya ondan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nietzsche, Sokrates \u00f6ncesi Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ve do\u011fa filozoflar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 duyar. Apollon ve Dionysos\u2019a hayranl\u0131k besler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu iki tanr\u0131 insan\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p bi\u00e7imlendirir. Buradan da Nietzsche\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyin temel anlamda din ya da tanr\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

Ahlak genellikle dini emir ve prensiplerle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, dindar ki\u015filer ahlakl\u0131, dindar olmayanlarsa ahlaks\u0131z olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nietzsche\u2019nin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle reddetti\u011fi \u015fey ahlak\u0131n dinle bir tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Oysa laik toplumlarda durum b\u00f6yle de\u011fildir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n ahlak seviyeleri dinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. Laik toplumlarda bireysel ahlaki tercihler toplumsal ahlak d\u00fczeyiyle uyum i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Nietzsche\u2019nin laik bir ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 benimsedi\u011fini bu sebeple i\u00e7inde dogma bar\u0131nd\u0131ran dinlerin Nietzsche\u2019yi, Nietzsche\u2019nin de i\u00e7inde dogma bar\u0131nd\u0131ran dinleri kendilerinden ittiklerini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nietzsche i\u00e7in ahlak, insan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne devaml\u0131 kurallar ve yasaklar koyan bir olgudur. \u0130nsan bu yasaklara ve kurallara uyarak i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerini bast\u0131r\u0131r ve k\u00f6reltir. Bu, insan\u0131n kendine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130nsan, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri k\u00f6reldi\u011fi i\u00e7in her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn ba\u015fka fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klarda bulunur ve kendini riske atar. Devrimler, reformlar da hep bu fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnleridir. Nietzsche bu ba\u011flamda Frans\u0131z devrimi, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":288,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[99,38,221,535,510],"tags":[237],"class_list":["post-9542","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-61-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-felsefe","category-forum","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-felsefe"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t