{"id":9697,"date":"2015-05-01T18:48:21","date_gmt":"2015-05-01T15:48:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9697"},"modified":"2018-03-09T11:47:54","modified_gmt":"2018-03-09T08:47:54","slug":"karanlik-madde-aydinlaniyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/05\/01\/karanlik-madde-aydinlaniyor","title":{"rendered":"Karanl\u0131k madde ayd\u0131nlan\u0131yor"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmamda 73 galaksi k\u00fcmesinin XMM-Newton X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 teleskopuyla al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlerini \u00fcst \u00fcste bindirerek, karanl\u0131k maddeden gelebilecek \u00e7ok zay\u0131f ikincil \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlara duyarl\u0131 bir analiz metodu geli\u015ftirdim. Analiz neticesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnen maddeden kaynaklanmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yakalad\u0131k; bu \u0131\u015f\u0131man\u0131n karanl\u0131k maddeden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz.<\/em><\/p>\n

1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fritz Zwicky taraf\u0131ndan ortaya koyulan \u201ckay\u0131p k\u00fctle problemi\u201d \u00fczerine astrofizik d\u00fcnyas\u0131na giren karanl\u0131k madde, o tarihten beri karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyor. Evrenin y\u00fczde 23\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan ve k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda etkile\u015fmeye girmeyen gizemli karanl\u0131k maddeyi ayd\u0131nlatmak i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok aday ortaya koyulsa da, \u015fimdiye dek net bir kan\u0131t bulunabilmi\u015f de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Esra B\u00fclb\u00fcl.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

NASA, 2014 Temmuz ay\u0131nda, \u201cPerseus k\u00fcmesindeki gizem\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile olduk\u00e7a yank\u0131 uyand\u0131ran bir haber yapt\u0131. Habere g\u00f6re Perseus ve 73 galaksi k\u00fcmesinde herhangi element \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015fmeyen bir \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yakalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve bildi\u011fimiz hi\u00e7bir maddeye ait olmayan bu \u0131\u015f\u0131ma karanl\u0131k maddeye ait olabilirdi. Karanl\u0131k madde adaylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bu aral\u0131kta \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yapabilecek par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n mevcut olmas\u0131 da, bu olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 epeyce art\u0131r\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Karanl\u0131k madde aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yeri olan, deyim yerindeyse astrofizik ve par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7alkant\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bizim i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6nemi ise, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sahibinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den yeti\u015fmi\u015f bir fizik\u00e7i olmas\u0131. Kendisine dijital ortamda iletti\u011fimiz sorular\u0131 yan\u0131tlayan Esra B\u00fclb\u00fcl\u2019e te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz.<\/p>\n

Galaksiler varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 karanl\u0131k maddeye bor\u00e7lu<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Kendinizden ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131n\u0131zdan k\u0131saca bahseder misiniz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Lise \u00f6\u011frenimimi Isparta\u2019da tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra, 1999\u2019da ODT\u00dc Fizik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc okumak i\u00e7in Ankara\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131m. Lisans ve y\u00fcksek lisans \u00f6\u011frenimimi ODT\u00dc\u2019de tamamlay\u0131p 2006\u2019da NASA Marshall Uzay \u00dcss\u00fc\u2019nde doktora \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131m. 2010\u2019dan beri de Harvard CFA\u2019da g\u00f6rev yapmaktay\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131m, evrenimizin devleri olan galaksi k\u00fcmeleri. Bu kaynaklar\u0131n X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve radyo dalgalar\u0131ndaki g\u00f6zlemlerini inceleyip, evrenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck gizemlerinden biri olan karanl\u0131k madde hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

– Karanl\u0131k maddenin galaksi ve galaksi k\u00fcmeleriyle ili\u015fkisi nedir?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Galaksi ve galaksi k\u00fcmelerinin k\u00fctlelerinin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc karanl\u0131k maddeden olu\u015fuyor. Bu yap\u0131lardaki karanl\u0131k madde oran\u0131, insan bedeninde veya d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde bulunan suyun oran\u0131ndan bile fazlad\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda galaktik yap\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fma ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn halinde koruyabilmelerinin nedeni karanl\u0131k maddedir diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

– X ve radyo dalgalar\u0131ndaki incelemeleri nas\u0131l yap\u0131yorsunuz?\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 dalga boylar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak asl\u0131nda o kadar da zor de\u011fil. NASA\u2019n\u0131n X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 teleskoplar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemleri kendi web sitelerinde ar\u015fivleniyor. Ar\u015fivi taray\u0131p verileri bilgisayar\u0131ma indirdikten sonra, kendi geli\u015ftirdi\u011fim bilgisayar kodlar\u0131 ile \u00f6ncelikle gerekli temizleme-filtreleme i\u015flemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyorum. Ard\u0131ndan temizlenmi\u015f veriler \u00fczerinde fiziksel modeller kullanarak; yo\u011funluk, bas\u0131n\u00e7, s\u0131cakl\u0131k gibi fiziksel nicelikleri tayin ediyorum.<\/p>\n

Radyo santimetre dalga boylar\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131 ise \u015eikago \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin de \u00fcye oldu\u011fu CARMA enterfrometre teleskobu ile yap\u0131yorum. Bunun i\u00e7in Kaliforniya\u2019ya gidip g\u00f6zlem yapmam gerekiyor ve verileri ald\u0131ktan sonra yine bu veriler i\u00e7in \u00f6zel olarak geli\u015ftirdi\u011fim kodlarla bas\u0131nc\u0131 elde ediyorum.<\/p>\n

Karanl\u0131k maddeden kaynaklanabilecek bir \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yakalad\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar olduk\u00e7a yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rd\u0131; me\u015fhur \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131zdan bahseder misiniz?\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Galaksi k\u00fcmeleri evrenimizdeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck sistemlerdir ve \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda s\u0131cak plazma ve karanl\u0131k madde i\u00e7erir. Karanl\u0131k madde bilindi\u011fi gibi utanga\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan olu\u015fuyor; di\u011fer maddelerle k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim etkile\u015fmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir etkile\u015fime girmiyor, ancak kendi aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimlerden X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yayma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 var.<\/p>\n

Ben de bu motivasyonla yola \u00e7\u0131karak, galaksi k\u00fcmelerindeki X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlerine daha dikkatli bakmaya karar verdim. Son yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada ise 73 galaksi k\u00fcmesinin XMM-Newton X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 teleskobuyla al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlerini \u00fcst \u00fcste bindirerek, karanl\u0131k maddeden gelebilecek \u00e7ok zay\u0131f ikincil \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlara duyarl\u0131 bir analiz metodu geli\u015ftirdim. Analiz neticesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnen maddeden kaynaklanmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yakalad\u0131k; bu \u0131\u015f\u0131man\u0131n karanl\u0131k maddeden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

– I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnen maddeden gelmesinin olas\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu nas\u0131l anlad\u0131n\u0131z?\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Galaksi k\u00fcmelerindeki g\u00f6r\u00fcnen maddenin X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 dalga boylar\u0131nda ne tip \u0131\u015f\u0131malar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyi biliyoruz. Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m b\u00f6lgesi; Chandra, XMM-Newton ve Suzaku teleskoplar\u0131yla y\u0131llard\u0131r bir\u00e7ok astrofizik\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan detayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde incelendi. G\u00f6r\u00fcnen \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 fiziksel modeller kullanarak hesaplad\u0131k ve g\u00f6rd\u00fck ki, galaksi k\u00fcmeleri 3,55 keV enerjili dalga boylar\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yaym\u0131yorlar. Bildi\u011fimiz hi\u00e7bir mekanizmaya ait olmayan bu \u0131\u015f\u0131man\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 bizi karanl\u0131k madde yoluna g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Karanl\u0131k madde hangi par\u00e7ac\u0131k olabilir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Karanl\u0131k madde sonu\u00e7ta bir par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan meydana gelmeli;\u00a0yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k var m\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 camias\u0131 steril n\u00f6trinolar\u0131 bulabilmek i\u00e7in uzun y\u0131llar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Steril n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara konu olmas\u0131 sebebiyle biz de ilk olarak onlar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fck. Ancak makalemiz yay\u0131mland\u0131ktan sonra axion, gravitino gibi farkl\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n da bu dalga boylar\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yapabilecekleri teorisyenler taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterildi. Makalemiz \u015fimdiye kadar 160\u2019tan fazla at\u0131f ald\u0131; bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenen \u0131\u015f\u0131may\u0131 steril n\u00f6trino d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki karanl\u0131k madde adaylar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

– Di\u011fer karanl\u0131k madde adaylar\u0131 ne durumda?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Karanl\u0131k madde tek tip par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan ibaret olmayabilir. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizik\u00e7ileri aras\u0131ndaki en pop\u00fcler karanl\u0131k madde aday\u0131 WIMP (zay\u0131f etkile\u015fimli k\u00fctleli par\u00e7ac\u0131k) dedi\u011fimiz par\u00e7ac\u0131klar. E\u011fer bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar karanl\u0131k maddeyi meydana getiriyorsa, birbirleriyle olan etkile\u015fimleri sonucunda gama \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yaymalar\u0131 gerekir. I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemek i\u00e7in Fermi teleskobu ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar var; baz\u0131lar\u0131nda bizim yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za benzer, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr madde ile a\u00e7\u0131klanamayan \u0131\u015f\u0131malar g\u00f6zlendi, ancak bunlar\u0131n karanl\u0131k maddeden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz ispatlanamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Samanyolu\u2019nda da ayn\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131maya rastland\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizik\u00e7ileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131z hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Bilimciler karanl\u0131k madde gizemini \u00e7\u00f6zebilmek i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir \u00e7aba harc\u0131yor. Haliyle bu tip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar hem astrofizik\u00e7ileri hem de par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizik\u00e7ilerini olduk\u00e7a heyecanland\u0131r\u0131yor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z, par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi alan\u0131nda yo\u011fun bir g\u00fcndem yaratt\u0131. Makalenin yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten bu yana bir\u00e7ok par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden ve konferanslardan davet ald\u0131m.<\/p>\n

– Sizden sonra yap\u0131lan benzer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar nedir?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z sonras\u0131nda di\u011fer astrofizik\u00e7iler de yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu sinyali karanl\u0131k maddenin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu ba\u015fka kaynaklarda, t\u00fcm X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 teleskoplar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlem verilerini kullanarak aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Galaksi k\u00fcmelerinde aranan sinyal; Suzaku, XMM-Newton ve Chandra teleskoplar\u0131yla \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 grup taraf\u0131ndan yakaland\u0131. Ancak karanl\u0131k maddenin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu galaksilerde ise durum biraz karma\u015f\u0131k: Baz\u0131 galaksilerde sinyal g\u00f6zlenirken baz\u0131lar\u0131nda ise g\u00f6zlenemedi. Son olarak kendi galaksimiz Samanyolu\u2019nda da bu \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131ma rastland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Daha detayl\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlerle bulmacay\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zece\u011fiz<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Bizi nas\u0131l bir g\u00fcndem bekliyor? Gelecekte ne t\u00fcr s\u0131namalar yap\u0131lacak?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Karanl\u0131k maddeyi bulmak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarfeden \u00e7ok say\u0131da fizik\u00e7i<\/p>\n

\"\"
3,55 keV\u2019lik \u0131\u015f\u0131ma ve Perseus k\u00fcmesi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

var. Ben ise bu b\u00fcy\u00fck grubun X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kanad\u0131nday\u0131m. Bundan sonra yapmam\u0131z gereken, g\u00f6zlenen \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten karanl\u0131k madde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok daha detayl\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlerle s\u0131namak. Fakat uzaydaki X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 teleskoplar\u0131 bunun i\u00e7in yeterli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sahip de\u011filler ve halihaz\u0131rda en ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 veri analizini 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda biz ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdik.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fru bir s\u0131nama i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u00fc yeni bir teleskobun ilgili dalgaboyuna bakarak \u0131\u015f\u0131may\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemesi gerekiyor. \u0130yi haber \u015fu ki gelecek y\u0131l bunu ba\u015farabilece\u011fiz: Ocak ay\u0131nda f\u0131rlat\u0131lacak olan Japonya-Amerika ortak yap\u0131m\u0131 X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 teleskobu Astro-H, \u015fimdikilerden 20 kat daha y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u00fc olacak. Astro-H tak\u0131m\u0131 olarak \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki sene Perseus galaksi k\u00fcmesini g\u00f6zlemleyip bu bulmacay\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeyi planl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

– Karanl\u0131k maddenin steril n\u00f6trino oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlan\u0131rsa, fizikte neler de\u011fi\u015fecek?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc tip n\u00f6trino olan steril n\u00f6trino, teorik egzotik bir par\u00e7ac\u0131kt\u0131r ve evrenin standart kozmolojik modelinde yer almaz. Hen\u00fcz varl\u0131klar\u0131na dair herhangi bir kan\u0131t da g\u00f6zlemlenebilmi\u015f de\u011fil. E\u011fer steril n\u00f6trinolar bulunursa, evreni iyi tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz standart kozmolojik modele bir ek yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekecek. Bu da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz fizi\u011finin de\u011fi\u015fmesi ve kitaplar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini tekrardan yazmam\u0131z gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor. En heyecan verici nokta ise evrenin y\u00fczde 23\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan gizemin hangi par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan olu\u015ftu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenecek olmam\u0131z. Bu da i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z evreni anlamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmamda 73 galaksi k\u00fcmesinin XMM-Newton X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 teleskopuyla al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlerini \u00fcst \u00fcste bindirerek, karanl\u0131k maddeden gelebilecek \u00e7ok zay\u0131f ikincil \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlara duyarl\u0131 bir analiz metodu geli\u015ftirdim. Analiz neticesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnen maddeden kaynaklanmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yakalad\u0131k; bu \u0131\u015f\u0131man\u0131n karanl\u0131k maddeden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fritz Zwicky taraf\u0131ndan ortaya koyulan \u201ckay\u0131p k\u00fctle problemi\u201d \u00fczerine astrofizik d\u00fcnyas\u0131na giren […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":21381,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[172,26],"tags":[657,1084,356,392],"class_list":["post-9697","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-135-sayi","category-fizik","tag-evren","tag-karanlik-madde","tag-parcacik-fizigi","tag-uzay"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t