{"id":9747,"date":"2009-03-01T23:13:21","date_gmt":"2009-03-01T21:13:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9747"},"modified":"2017-05-21T18:10:17","modified_gmt":"2017-05-21T15:10:17","slug":"darwin-bir-sosyal-darwinci-miydi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/03\/01\/darwin-bir-sosyal-darwinci-miydi","title":{"rendered":"Darwin bir Sosyal Darwinci miydi?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Darwin, g\u0131rtlak g\u0131rtla\u011fa bir yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 vah\u015fi kapitalizm d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011faya, toplumsal alanda g\u00f6r\u00fcp etkilendi\u011fi bu yar\u0131\u015fma olgusunun g\u00f6zleriyle bakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ona, yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fmeye ve geli\u015fmeye benzer bir de\u011fi\u015fmeyi ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi do\u011fada, do\u011fa tarihinde de g\u00f6rme \u015fans\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Bu, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015fc\u0131 dinsel bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle yakalanamayacak bir ger\u00e7ektir. Ancak Darwin, yar\u0131\u015fma olgusunu bir (do\u011fal) veri olarak alg\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ona i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ideologlar\u0131 gibi ele\u015ftirel bak\u0131p, ona g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirememi\u015ftir. <\/em><\/p>\n

Darwin bir Sosyal Darwinci miydi? Bu anakronistik (zamans\u0131z) soru d\u00fczeltilerek \u015f\u00f6yle sorulabilir: \u201cDarwin \u2018do\u011fal ay\u0131klanma\u2019 kavram\u0131n\u0131n topmlumsal alana sistemli olarak uyarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilecek kadar ya\u015fasayd\u0131 (1) \u201cBen Sosyal Darwinci de\u011filim\u201d der miydi, demez miydi?<\/p>\n

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Darwin\u2019in hakk\u0131n\u0131 Darwin\u2019e vermek<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu konuda \u00f6nce Darwin\u2019in hakk\u0131n\u0131 vermek, sonra ele\u015ftirmek uygun olur (2). H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k dini Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131 feodal d\u00fczeninin egemen katmanlar\u0131n\u0131n ideolojik kalkan\u0131yd\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekten, feodal devletin (Althusserci terminolojiyle bask\u0131 ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 aristokrasi, ikna ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 klerje temsil etmekteydi. Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nin bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu burjuvazinin y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve end\u00fcstri devriminin gerekleri, bu kalkan\u0131n erk konumundan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan katmanlar\u0131n elinden al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirdi. Yerine bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ve bud\u00fcnyac\u0131 bir ideolojinin getirilmesini gerekli k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki k\u00f6kleri tarihe dayan\u0131p kitleler i\u00e7inde dal budak salm\u0131\u015f bir ideolojinin s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp at\u0131lmas\u0131 kolay bir i\u015f de\u011fildi. Ne de yekten onun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmak kolayd\u0131 (3). Onun yerine, felsefede \u201cdo\u011fal hukuk\u201d, bilimde \u201cdo\u011fa yasalar\u0131\u201d aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 (yordamlamayla) getirilmi\u015fti. Bu yoldaki bilgi birikimi, zamanla, dinsel hukukun (feodal d\u00fczenin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n) ve yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn temelleri oyacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fmez, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez bir toplumsal s\u0131rad\u00fczeni anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 besleyen yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler i\u015fte b\u00f6yle biriktirilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Darwin, onlar\u0131 form\u00fclle\u015ftirip olgularla destekleyerek, \u201cde\u011fi\u015fme ve evrim\u201d kavram\u0131 se\u00e7ene\u011fini form\u00fclle\u015ftirdi (4). Darwin\u2019in ve Darwincili\u011fin tarihsel \u00f6nemi bu noktada yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n hedefini olu\u015fturmalar\u0131n\u0131n nedeni de budur (5). Yoksa ne Darwin\u2019in \u201cdo\u011fal ay\u0131klama\u201d kuram\u0131 ne de onu destekleyen \u00f6rnekleri, yorumlar\u0131, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin sonul dillendirili\u015fidir. Ger\u00e7ekten, evrimin d\u00fczene\u011fi olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz biyologlar\u0131nca do\u011fal ay\u0131klanmadan \u00e7ok (Darwin zaman\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile bilinmeyen) genler ve genlerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen mutasyonlar g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Darwin\u2019in yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n belkemi\u011fini olu\u015fturan \u201cevrim\u201d kuram\u0131 art\u0131k papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bile kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir olgu d\u00fczeyine y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Darwin\u2019i yermek<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Darwin bekletti\u011fi, hatta yay\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sonras\u0131na ertelemeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (bkz. not 4) kuram\u0131n\u0131, Wallace\u2019\u0131n benzeri bir kuram\u0131 hemen hemen ayn\u0131 kavramlarla geli\u015ftirdi\u011fini bildirmesi \u00fczerine, onunkiyle birlikte Linneaus Derne\u011fi\u2019nde okunmak \u00fczere (1858\u2019de) g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. Ard\u0131ndan T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 (1859\u2019da) yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Korktu\u011fu gibi \u015fiddetli, kaba ele\u015ftirilere u\u011frad\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Oxford piskoposu Wilberforce (paleontolog Owen\u2019dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilere dayanarak) bilimsel ele\u015ftirileri yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Darwin\u2019e ve kuram\u0131n\u0131n ate\u015fli savunucusu biyolog Thomas Henry Huxley\u2019e kaba sald\u0131r\u0131larda bulundu. Huxley\u2019e annesi taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131 babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131 maymundan geldi\u011fini sordu. Huxley\u2019in yan\u0131t\u0131 abuk sabuk konu\u015fan birinin soyundan gelmektense maymundan gelmeyi ye\u011flerim oldu (6).<\/p>\n

Oysa Darwin\u2019in kuram\u0131nda ele\u015ftirilebilecek pek \u00e7ok nokta bulunmaktayd\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu zay\u0131fl\u0131klar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, geli\u015fen biyoloji biliminin, evrim olgusunu daha bir destekleyen (genler, mutasyonlar gibi) bulgular\u0131yla giderildi. Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, s\u00f6z konusu zay\u0131f noktalardan beslenen ak\u0131mlar\u0131n onlar\u0131 u\u00e7 noktalar\u0131na dek ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131yla daha g\u00f6ze batar durum ald\u0131. Bunlardan biri de Sosyal Darwincilik olarak nitelenen ak\u0131md\u0131r. Bu noktada Darwin\u2019in ele\u015ftirisine ge\u00e7ilebilir.<\/p>\n

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Darwin\u2019i ele\u015ftirmek <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Darwin, bir do\u011fa bilgini aday\u0131 olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Beagle ke\u015fif gezisi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden hayvanlarda ve bitkilerde saptad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitliliklerin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerine kafay\u0131 takm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. A\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 Malthus\u2019un (1798 tarihli) N\u00fcfus \u00dczerine Deneme<\/em>\u2019sini okurken buldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Orada canl\u0131lar\u0131n geometrik diziyle \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rken yiyeceklerin aritmetik diziyle artmas\u0131n\u0131n yiyecek kaynaklar\u0131 \u00fczerine bir yar\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyordu. Bu \u201cvarolma sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d i\u00e7inde, ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flayan de\u011fi\u015fen \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klara sahip canl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015farkal\u0131p (\u0130ng. <\/em>Survival) \u00f6tekilerin elenece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n ise kal\u0131t\u0131mla ge\u00e7irilerek birikmesi sonucunda, yeni canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin do\u011faca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Darwin, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> i\u00e7inde, \u201cinsan\u0131n tarihi ve k\u00f6keni konusuna da b\u00f6ylece (do\u011fal ay\u0131klama ile) yeterli \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutulmu\u015f olacakt\u0131r\u201d demekle yetinmi\u015f, \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7memi\u015fti. \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em> yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n (1871\u2019de) bas\u0131lmas\u0131na dek (12 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde) evrim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi sindirilmi\u015f, ele\u015ftiriler h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 kesmi\u015fti. Yeni yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 insan\u0131n evrimine adayabildi. Burada ilgileri, insanla ba\u015fta insan\u0131ms\u0131 maymunlar olmak \u00fczere \u00fcst dereceden biyolojik t\u00fcrler aras\u0131ndaki sinir sistemlerine varana dek yap\u0131sal benzerliklere \u00e7ekti. \u201cSonu\u00e7 olarak bunlar\u0131n ortak k\u00f6klerden t\u00fcremi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmemiz gerekiyor\u201d noktas\u0131na vard\u0131 (7).<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde (8) insan ile \u00f6teki hayvanlar\u0131n fizyolojik temelli davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na de\u011finiyordu. Bug\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi o g\u00fcn de kal\u0131t\u0131mla ge\u00e7irildikleri bilinen bu \u00f6zelliklerle ilgili bir sorun yok. Ancak s\u0131ra \u201cZihinsel Yetenekler\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne gelince i\u015f de\u011fi\u015fir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc burada, hayvanlarla \u00fcst memeliler aras\u0131nda zihinsel yetenekler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir nitelik fark\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r. Fark\u0131n ancak nicelik (derece) d\u00fczeyinde oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. Bu, ileride Sosyal Darwincilerin (\u00f6rne\u011fin kimi ethologlar\u0131n) hayvan d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla ilgili g\u00f6zlemlerinden insan\u0131, toplumu da kapsayacak genellemelerde bulunmalar\u0131nda pay\u0131 olacak bir yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dilin ve onunla edinilen k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikimin nitel bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rememesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hatad\u0131r. Burada g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bilgileriyle Darwin\u2019e y\u00f6neltilebilecek ele\u015ftiri: genlerle fizyolojik \u00f6zelliklerin ge\u00e7irilebilip, tek bir duygunun, tek bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin bile ge\u00e7irilemedi\u011fidir. O g\u00fcnlerde ise \u015funlar s\u00f6ylenebilirdi: Ge\u00e7irilebilseydi, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir bebek, do\u011far do\u011fmaz evlatl\u0131k edinen ailenin dilinden de\u011fil, onbinlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r biyolojik atalar\u0131n\u0131n konu\u015ftu\u011fu dilden hi\u00e7 olmazsa birka\u00e7 s\u00f6zc\u00fck getirirdi. B\u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hatan\u0131n temelinde, Darwin\u2019in biyolojik evrim ile dil kanal\u0131nda i\u015fleyen, e\u011fitimle, \u00f6\u011frenmeyle aktar\u0131lan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimi ay\u0131rt edememesi yatsa gerektir (9).<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan T\u00fcreyi\u015fi <\/em>yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n \u201cAhlak Duygusu\u201d incelenen 3. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, zihin yap\u0131s\u0131 kadar ahlak ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n da kal\u0131t\u0131labilen ve \u201cdo\u011fal se\u00e7ilim\u201d ilkesine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir evrimin konusu oldu\u011fu sav\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n \u00f6v\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleriyle, sevgi, bellek, merak, taklit\u00e7ilik, ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme gibi duygusal ve zihinsel \u00f6zellikleriyle hayvanlarda da kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Barda\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ran son damla, 4. b\u00f6l\u00fcm ile gelmektedir: Burada \u201cdo\u011fal ay\u0131klanma\u201d ilkesinin, insan\u0131n biyolojik evriminde oldu\u011fu kadar toplumsal evrimi alan\u0131nda da i\u015fledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunulur. Bunun do\u011fal ay\u0131klanma yoluyla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015famda kal\u0131p zay\u0131flar\u0131n elenmesiyle toplum i\u00e7inde ve toplumlar aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclecek evrimi do\u011fal ve yararl\u0131 bulup onaylayan bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f olarak kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Sosyal Darwincilere sonuna dek a\u00e7an bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

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Sosyal Darwincili\u011fin Darwincilikle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sosyal Darwinci denebilecek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler Darwin\u2019den \u00f6nce de g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00d6rne\u011fin Darwin\u2019in N\u00fcfus \u00dczerine Deneme<\/em> yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 okuyup etkilendi\u011fi Malthus, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yoksulluk, hastal\u0131k, sava\u015f, yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 eylemler (\u00f6ld\u00fcrmeler), y\u00fcksek \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131 ile frenlenerek yiyecek art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile aras\u0131ndaki dengenin kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti (9). Buna dayanarak Sosyal Darwinciler yoksullar\u0131n, hastalar\u0131n ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen politikalar\u0131n, onlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, vars\u0131l, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ki\u015filerden fazla \u00fcreyip toplumda \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturacaklar\u0131 sonucuna varabildiler. Yoksullara yard\u0131ma, hastanelerde bak\u0131lmalar\u0131na, delilerin (\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp toplumu temizlemek varken!) t\u0131marhanelere at\u0131lmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabileceklerdir. Sava\u015f\u0131 toplumsal hastal\u0131klardan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, zay\u0131flar\u0131 eleyici bir temizlik arac\u0131 g\u00f6rebileceklerdir.<\/p>\n

Darwin, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden iki \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce (1879 ve 1880\u2019de) kullan\u0131ma sokulan \u201cSosyal Darwincilik\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 bile duymadan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olabilir. Ama \u00f6jenik (soyar\u0131t\u0131m\u0131) ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu olan kuzeni Francis Galton\u2019un yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 ilgiyle okumu\u015ftur (10). Oradaki sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fcyelerden olu\u015fan bir topluma kavu\u015fulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in zay\u0131flar\u0131n ve hastal\u0131kl\u0131lar\u0131n evlenmelerinin ve \u00fcremelerinin engellenmesi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bunun yasal zorlamalarla de\u011fil, kal\u0131t\u0131m hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirilen insanlar\u0131n kendilerini g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc denetlemeleriyle sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gibi (ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyece\u011fini kendisinin de kabul etti\u011fi) bir umudu dile getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) kimi yazarlara g\u00f6re Sosyal Darwincili\u011fin kurucusu say\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun nedeni \u00fcnl\u00fc 10 ciltlik First Principles<\/em> yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131ndan iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 okuyup oradaki \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015famas\u0131\u201d (\u0130ng.<\/em> Survival of the fittes) kavram\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcstelik Darwin\u2019den \u00f6nce ve Darwin onu insana uygulamadan \u00f6nce topluma ve tarihe uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r (11).<\/p>\n

Darwin, ava d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn bir \u0130ngiliz olarak, av k\u00f6pekleri gibi evcil hayvan yeti\u015ftiricilerinin, \u201cyapay ay\u0131klama\u201d y\u00f6ntemiyle \u00fcst\u00fcn yetenekli \u0131rklar yarat\u0131p, zay\u0131f hayvanlar\u0131n \u00fcreyip \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na izin vermediklerini g\u00f6r\u00fcp yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cDo\u011fal ay\u0131klanma\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 Malthus\u2019un zay\u0131flar\u0131n \u00fcremesini frenleyen yoksulluk, hastal\u0131k vb. d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi kadar bu kavramdan yararlanarak form\u00fclle\u015ftirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ancak kendisine haks\u0131zl\u0131k etmemek i\u00e7in, insan s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, zay\u0131flar\u0131n \u00fcremesinin denetlenmeye kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi ahlaka, vicdana uymayan bir tutuma gidilmeyip, toplumun bu y\u00fck\u00fc \u00e7ekmesi zorunlulu\u011funa de\u011findi\u011fi de belirtilmeli.<\/p>\n

Nazi ideologlar\u0131n\u0131n ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Sosyal Darwinciler dolay\u0131m\u0131yla Darwinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden yararland\u0131klar\u0131na ku\u015fku yok. Kimi yazarlara g\u00f6re \u00dcbermench <\/strong>(fiziksel ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel nitelikleri \u00fcst\u00fcn \u201c\u00fcst insan\u201d) kavram\u0131yla Nietzsche de bir Sosyal Darwinci say\u0131l\u0131r. Kimilerine g\u00f6re, militarist Prusyal\u0131lar\u0131 \u201cs\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar \u0131rk\u0131\u201d niteleyi\u015fine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa say\u0131lmaz (12). Darwinci, Sosyal Darwinci \u00e7izgi, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda g\u00f6r\u00fclen, genlerin toplumu belirleyip ahlak\u0131n ki\u015finin genlerini olabildi\u011fince yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 do\u011fas\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu savunan Sosyobiyoloji kurucusu Edward O. Wilson\u2019a kadar uzand\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Sonu\u00e7<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Darwin, g\u0131rtlak g\u0131rtla\u011fa bir yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n (\u0130ng. cut throat competition) ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 vah\u015fi kapitalizm d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011faya, toplumsal alanda g\u00f6r\u00fcp etkilendi\u011fi bu yar\u0131\u015fma olgusunun g\u00f6zleriyle bakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ona, yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fmeye ve geli\u015fmeye benzer bir de\u011fi\u015fmeyi ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi do\u011fada, do\u011fa tarihinde de g\u00f6rme \u015fans\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Bu, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015fc\u0131 dinsel bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle yakalanamayacak bir ger\u00e7ektir. Ancak Darwin, yar\u0131\u015fma olgusunu bir (do\u011fal) veri olarak alg\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ona i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ideologlar\u0131 gibi ele\u015ftirel bak\u0131p, ona g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirememi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla (\u00f6rne\u011fin g\u00f6zlem, t\u00fcmevar\u0131m ve nedensellik ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanan) bir bilimci oldu\u011fu ku\u015fkusuz olmakla birlikte, \u201cyar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n\u201d bedelini, geli\u015fmenin kimin geli\u015fmesi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmemi\u015f (13), g\u00f6rmezlikten gelmi\u015f bir burjuva ideolo\u011fu olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Toplumsal ger\u00e7eklik alan\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cyar\u0131\u015fma\u201d kavram\u0131yla do\u011faya bak\u0131p, biyolojik evrimi a\u00e7\u0131klarken geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015farkal\u0131p zay\u0131f\u0131n elenmesi (do\u011fal ay\u0131klanma) kavram\u0131n\u0131 bir do\u011fa yasas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra d\u00f6n\u00fcp topluma uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kapitalden, egemen s\u0131n\u0131flardan yana, dahas\u0131 \u201cSosyal Darwinci\u201d denebilecek yorumlara kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

Darwin ku\u015fkusuz dar anlam\u0131yla ve tam kapsam\u0131yla bir Sosyal Darwinci de\u011fildi. Sosyal Darwinciler ideolojik silahlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken ba\u015fka kaynaklar yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ondan da yararland\u0131lar. Darwin\u2019in sorumlulu\u011fu, onlara ilerde yararlanabilecekleri baz\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel silahlar sa\u011flamaktan \u00e7ok, yararlanmalar\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek kap\u0131lar\u0131 kapamam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Bu y\u0131l, neden do\u011fumunun iki y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde Darwin\u2019i, bir do\u011fabilimcisini anman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde savunma durumunday\u0131z? Bunun nedeni, y\u00fckseli\u015f d\u00f6neminde bilimin geli\u015fmesine ayakba\u011f\u0131 olan dine cephe al\u0131p, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 evrimcilik se\u00e7ene\u011fini form\u00fclle\u015ftiren bir bilimci yeti\u015ftirmi\u015f olan burjuvazinin din politikas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmesidir. \u0130deolojik hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131, kitlelere daha uygun buldu\u011fu dinsel inan\u00e7lar\u0131n boyunduru\u011fuyla daha da s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma yolunu tutmu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yolda dincileri, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, hem emperyalizm kalesi olan ABD\u2019de hem T\u00fcrkiye gibi ileri karakollar\u0131nda bilimcilere ve evrimcilere sald\u0131rtmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131, emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flardan yana d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin, burjuvazinin y\u00fckseli\u015f d\u00f6nemi ideologlar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmek, bilimi geli\u015ftirmek yerine, geri mevzilere \u00e7ekilip, onlar\u0131 savunmak noktas\u0131na dek geriletilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) \u201cSosyal Darwincilik\u201d kavram\u0131, Darwin\u2019in \u201cdo\u011fal ay\u0131klanma\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 1859\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni <\/em>yap\u0131t\u0131ndan yirmi, onu insan\u0131n evriminin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesinde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1871 tarihli \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em> yap\u0131t\u0131ndan sekiz y\u0131l sonra ve kendisinin (1882\u2019de) \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce 1879\u2019da ilk kez kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve pop\u00fclerle\u015fmesi, ABD\u2019li tarih\u00e7i Richard Hofstadter\u2019in Social Darwinism in American Thought<\/em> yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n 1944\u2019te yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 izleyen tarihlerde olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

2) Charles Darwin\u2019in The Origin of Species <\/em>(yazar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi alt\u0131nc\u0131 ve sonuncu bask\u0131s\u0131, Londra ve New York, 1974 Collier, 512 s.) yap\u0131t\u0131na \u201c\u00d6ns\u00f6z\u201d yazan George Gaylord Simpson, s.5\u2019te bu kitab\u0131n \u201c\u015fimdiye dek yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131t\u201d, evrimin art\u0131k bir kuram de\u011fil do\u011frulu\u011fu sorgusuz bilinen ger\u00e7ek oldu\u011funu (s.6\u2019da), ana d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi do\u011fal ay\u0131klanman\u0131n eksiksiz onayland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (s.8\u2019de) yazmakta. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisi i\u00e7in bkz. Charles Darwin, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, Onur yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00e7ev. \u00d6ner \u00dcnalan, 1996.<\/p>\n

3) Benzeri bir durum Eski Yunan aristokrasisinin safd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015ftu. \u201cTanr\u0131 soylu\u201d olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren aristokratlar\u0131n \u201ckutsal kitab\u0131\u201d Homeros Destanlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmek \u201cdinsizlik\u201d say\u0131larak cezaland\u0131r\u0131labiliyordu. Deniz ticareti ile vars\u0131lla\u015fan bir kentli s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n (M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda) y\u00fckseldi\u011fi \u0130yonya kent devletlerinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, kentsoylu s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ideologlar\u0131nca (dinsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ele\u015ftirmek yerine, onun temellerini oyacak) do\u011fa (Yun. Physis) felsefesinin geli\u015ftirilmesiyle bulunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

4) Farrington, benzeri bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fle (bkz. Benjamin Farrington, Darwin Ger\u00e7e\u011fi, \u00e7ev. B. G\u00fcven\u00e7 Y. \u0130zbul, \u0130stanbul, 1982, \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f yay\u0131nlar\u0131 s.63\u2019te) Darwin\u2019in do\u011fal ay\u0131klanma ilkesinin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011fretisinin yerini alaca\u011f\u0131na kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> i\u00e7inde \u201c\u2026. do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim (ay\u0131klanma) ilkesi (ile) yeni canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f mucizesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131\u2026 yolundaki inan\u00e7lar\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctece\u011fiz\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Farrington, s.64)<\/p>\n

5) Darwin\u2019in Beagle gezisi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc (1838\u2019de) geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi kuram\u0131n\u0131 ve kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 (T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni)<\/em> yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlamay\u0131 do\u011fabilecek tepkileri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek geciktirdi\u011fini biliyoruz. Hatta el yazmas\u0131 sayfalar\u0131 aras\u0131na koydu\u011fu \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra nas\u0131l bas\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayan notlar\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, bir ara bu i\u015fi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonraya b\u0131rakmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc (bkz. Farrington, Darwin Ger\u00e7e\u011fi<\/em>, s.56). Do\u011fumundan iki y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra da s\u00fcren ele\u015ftirilere bizden bir \u00f6rnek olarak bkz. Harun Yahya, Bilim Tarihinin En B\u00fcy\u00fck Yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131 Darwinizm<\/em>, kent: yok, bas\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi: yok, G\u00fcnd\u00fcz Gazetesi hediyesi. 96 s.<\/p>\n

6) Denis Buican, Darwin ve Darwinizm<\/em>, \u00e7ev. \u0130brahim Yakubo\u011flu, \u0130stanbul, 1991, \u0130leti\u015fim, s.71. Wilberforce, Darwin\u2019e \u201cuygun ko\u015fullar sa\u011flansa \u015falgam \u00e7e\u015fitleri insana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir mi?\u201d sorusunu da y\u00f6neltmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

7) Farrington, Darwin Ger\u00e7e\u011fi<\/em>, s. 73\u2019te aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

8) Bkz. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man<\/em>, and. Selection in Relation to Sex<\/em>, Londra, 2. bask\u0131, John Murray ve Charles Darwin, \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi, \u00e7ev. Sevim Belli, Ankara, Onur Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1995.<\/p>\n

9) Darwin\u2019in Sosyal Darwincilerin yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyu\u015fundan yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m ba\u015fl\u0131ca kaynak olan Darwin Ger\u00e7e\u011fi<\/em> yazar\u0131 Farrington, Darwin\u2019in iyi bir g\u00f6zlemci bilgin, ama \u201cbeyin ile zihin\u201di ay\u0131rt edemeyen k\u00f6t\u00fc bir filozof oldu\u011funu (s.113\u2019te) yazmaktad\u0131r. Biyolojik evrim-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim ayr\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in Childe\u2019in Kendini Yaratan \u0130nsan <\/em>ve Toplumsal Evrim <\/em>adlar\u0131yla \u00e7evrilen yap\u0131tlar\u0131na bak\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

10) Darwin\u2019in kuzeni Francis Galton (1882-1911) bitki ve hayran t\u00fcrleri gibi insan soyunun da yozla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp \u0131slah\u0131ndan yana oldu. Bu yolda 1901\u2019de kurulan Biometrita<\/em> ile 1909\u2019da kurulan Eugenics Review<\/em> dergilerinde yazd\u0131 ve Darwin\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Leonard Darwin ile \u201cSoyar\u0131t\u0131msall\u0131k E\u011fitim Derne\u011fi\u201dni kurdu (bkz. Buican, Darwin ve Darwinizm<\/em>, s.103-104.<\/p>\n

11) John J. Macionis ve Ken Plummer, Sociology<\/em> (A Global Introduction) Londra, 2002, Pearson Education s. 23\u2019te Sosyal Darwincilerin Spencer\u2019in yar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kar\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a en ak\u0131ll\u0131, tutkulu ve verimli ki\u015filerin kalbur \u00fczerinde kalmas\u0131n\u0131n toplumu kesintisiz bir geli\u015fme ray\u0131na sokaca\u011f\u0131, yar\u0131\u015fmaya kar\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131p yoksullara destekten yana programlar uygulaman\u0131n de\u011fersiz ki\u015fileri y\u00fckselterek toplumu bat\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden yararland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedirler. \u00d6rnek olarak ABD petrol end\u00fcstrisinin \u00e7o\u011funu tekeline ge\u00e7irmi\u015f bir finans imparatorlu\u011funun kurucusu olan Rockefeller\u2019in kilisenin pazar okullar\u0131nda Spencer\u2019in \u201cToplumsal \u0130ncil\u201d dedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini, en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n da o \u015firketlerin kurulmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini anlatmas\u0131n\u0131 vermektedirler.<\/p>\n

12) Kendisi de Darwin gibi on y\u0131llarca hastal\u0131kla ya\u015famay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f olan Nietzsche\u2019nin birey olarak hastalarla ve zay\u0131flarla ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri Sosyal Darwincilerinkilerden hatta Darwin\u2019inkilerden t\u00fcmden farkl\u0131yd\u0131. \u201cYapay ay\u0131klama\u201d tutumundan yana olmu\u015fsa da \u201cdo\u011fal ay\u0131klanma\u201d konusunda Spencer\u2019i de Darwin\u2019i de ele\u015ftirmi\u015fti: Bu yolda, belli baz\u0131 durumlarda hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n da gerekli, hatta yararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130ngilizce\u2019ye All Too Human <\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7evrilen yap\u0131t\u0131nda sakatlar\u0131n ilgileri sa\u011flamlar\u0131nkinden farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerde odakla\u015ft\u0131rarak de\u011ferli katk\u0131larda bulunabildiklerini belirtmi\u015fti (http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org.\/wiki\/SocialDarwinism<\/a><\/em>, indirim 20.02.2009)<\/p>\n

Kimi yazarlar ise \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015famas\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n, Spencer\u2019in yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal \u00f6\u011fesi olmay\u0131p, vitrin nesnesi durumunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Spencer\u2019i Sosyal Darwinci sayman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin a\u011f\u0131r bir sapt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmekteler. (savlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert Spencer<\/a>, indirim 20.02.2009)<\/p>\n

13) Darwin\u2019in burjuva ideolo\u011fu say\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, ele\u015ftiriyor g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fclkiyeti kapital birikimine onun da uzmanla\u015fmaya ve evrime yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle onaylay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan, egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 anar\u015fiye se\u00e7enek g\u00f6rmesinden (bkz. Buican, Darwin ve Darwinizm, 68-69) de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir. Marx ve Engels T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni <\/em>yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nce \u00e7o\u015fku ve \u00f6vg\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131lay\u0131p mektupla\u015fmalar\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin tarihsel-toplumsal temelini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ama sonra s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 biyolojik temele dayand\u0131rman\u0131n do\u011fru olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, varolma sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n ise kom\u00fcnist toplumun b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fmeci de\u011ferlerine uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp \u0130ngiliz kapitalist toplumu sava\u015f durumunu hayvan ve bitki d\u00fcnyas\u0131na genellemekle su\u00e7lad\u0131lar. Darwin\u2019in bu ideolojik k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131nda ahlak ile ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00f6rnek verilebilir: Hayvanlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015farkalmas\u0131 yoluyla evrimin, insan, toplum, ahlak alan\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli olup ahlak\u0131n \u201cdo\u011fal ay\u0131klanma\u201d sonucunda (ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n elenmesiyle) y\u00fckseldi\u011fini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (bkz. \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi <\/em>\u0130ng. Bask\u0131 s.163, 166\u2019dan Farrington, Darwin Ger\u00e7e\u011fi<\/em>, s. 78). Bu, ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artan yar\u0131\u015fmaya ve onun sonucu olan e\u015fitsizli\u011fe ko\u015fut bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermesi ger\u00e7e\u011fini g\u00f6rmesini engellemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Darwin, g\u0131rtlak g\u0131rtla\u011fa bir yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 vah\u015fi kapitalizm d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011faya, toplumsal alanda g\u00f6r\u00fcp etkilendi\u011fi bu yar\u0131\u015fma olgusunun g\u00f6zleriyle bakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ona, yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fmeye ve geli\u015fmeye benzer bir de\u011fi\u015fmeyi ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi do\u011fada, do\u011fa tarihinde de g\u00f6rme \u015fans\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Bu, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015fc\u0131 dinsel bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle yakalanamayacak bir ger\u00e7ektir. Ancak Darwin, yar\u0131\u015fma olgusunu bir (do\u011fal) veri […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":492,"featured_media":9748,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[99,38,224,32],"tags":[461,200,462],"class_list":["post-9747","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-61-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-din-ve-dinler-tarihi","category-evrim","tag-darwin","tag-evrim","tag-sosyal-darwinizm"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t