{"id":9754,"date":"2009-03-01T23:18:09","date_gmt":"2009-03-01T21:18:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9754"},"modified":"2017-05-20T23:21:15","modified_gmt":"2017-05-20T20:21:15","slug":"darwine-dogru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/03\/01\/darwine-dogru","title":{"rendered":"Darwin\u2019e do\u011fru\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

Leonardo, Kepler, Hutton, Smith, Cuvier, Lyell <\/em>ve Darwin gibi bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ortak bir yan\u0131 vard\u0131: S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir zaman i\u00e7inde evrim ge\u00e7iren do\u011fay\u0131, bug\u00fcn burada g\u00f6zledi\u011fimiz kuvvetlerin etkile\u015fimi cinsinden a\u00e7\u0131klamak ve gerekirse bu bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015fe inen basama\u011f\u0131n merdivenlerini olu\u015fturmak. Darwin kendinden \u00f6nceki entelekt\u00fcel ak\u0131mlar\u0131 durgun ancak derinden akan bir \u0131rmakta bulu\u015fturma becerisini g\u00f6steren bir bilim insan\u0131yd\u0131 ve al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcyd\u00fc: \u201cBen, benden sonrakilerin otobana \u00e7evirece\u011fi bir patika a\u00e7t\u0131m\u201d.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

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\u015eu anda varolan canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frayarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6neri, hemen hemen t\u00fcm bilim insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan onanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe \u00f6zellikle Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ndeki yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u015fiddetli bir kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f var. Ben bu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 bilimsel bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131k olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorum: hemen hemen t\u00fcm yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, savlar\u0131n\u0131 bir otorite temelinde geli\u015ftiriyorlar ki bu bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n onamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir davran\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ayr\u0131ca yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar evrimden \u00e7ok bilime sald\u0131r\u0131yorlar. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan ciddiye almam\u0131z gerekmiyor, ancak sosyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan ve doktrinlerinin verece\u011fi zarar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bakarsak, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ciddiye almam\u0131z gerekiyor (A. F. Huxley, \u201cHow far will Darwin take us?\u201d, in Evolution from Molecules to Men<\/em>, D. S. Bendall (ed.), CUP, Cambridge, 1985, p.6).<\/p>\n

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Zaman\u2019a ili\u015fkin \u2018korsan haritas\u0131\u2019<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6neminin en parlak son on y\u0131l\u0131nda zaman kavram\u0131n\u0131n prangalar\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f k\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u201cZamanda yolculu\u011fa\u201d \u00e7\u0131kan \u00fc\u00e7 bilim insan\u0131 James Hutton<\/strong> (1726-1797), William Smith<\/strong> (1769-1839) ve Baron Georges Cuvier<\/strong> (1769-1832) zaman\u0131n gizlerini \u00e7\u00f6zen bilim insanlar\u0131 olarak an\u0131lacakt\u0131. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 bilim insan\u0131 zamanda yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ancak her birinin elindeki veri, t\u0131pk\u0131 bir korsan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f define haritas\u0131 gibi, zaman ger\u00e7e\u011finin yaln\u0131zca bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yordu. Ve bu bilimciler ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ne yaz\u0131k ki, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n herhangi bir tavernas\u0131nda ayn\u0131 masan\u0131n \u00e7evresine oturup, par\u00e7alar\u0131 birle\u015ftirip, Mary Hopkins\u2019in o \u00fcnl\u00fc taverna \u015fark\u0131s\u0131na benzer bir \u015fark\u0131y\u0131 birlikte s\u00f6yleyemediler: \u201cOnce upon a time there was a tavern; where we used to raise a glass or two<\/em>\u201d (Bir zamanlar bir iki kadeh parlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir taverna vard\u0131). \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

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James Hutton<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Newtoncu d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok etkili oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde, o entelekt\u00fcel havay\u0131 soluyan James Hutton, Newton\u2019un kozmik makinesinin d\u00fczenlili\u011fini, kendi kendini ayarlama yetene\u011fini Yer\u2019e uygulad\u0131. G\u00f6kbilimcilerin \u015fa\u015fmaz yasalarla i\u015fleyen kozmik makinesini James Hutton da Yer\u2019de yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak onun bir \u015fanss\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131; g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine izin verilen \u015fey Yer\u2019de h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u201cz\u0131nd\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131yordu!<\/p>\n

Hutton\u2019dan \u00f6nce Yer\u2019in kara par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine kafa yoran hemen hemen herkes, bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n \u201cNuh tufan\u0131nca\u201d belirlendi\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. Denizlerden uzak kara par\u00e7alar\u0131nda hatta da\u011flar\u0131n tepelerinde bulunan kabuklu deniz hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n fosilleri, buzul yataklar\u0131nda buzul devinimleriyle yuvarlak bi\u00e7imlere cilalanm\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7ak\u0131l ta\u015flar\u0131 vb. tufan\u0131n becerisi olarak yorumlan\u0131yordu. Hutton ise, Yer kabu\u011funun dinamik kuvvetlerinin Yer kabu\u011funda gerilme, bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve kesme kuvvetleri yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve bu kuvvetlerin okyanus yataklar\u0131ndaki kara par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 yeni k\u0131talar olu\u015fmak \u00fczere su \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken, su \u00fcst\u00fcndeki kara par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n da ya\u011fmur, don olay\u0131, r\u00fczgar ve akarsularla erozyona u\u011frayarak par\u00e7alan\u0131p ufaland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekiyordu.<\/p>\n

Theory of the Earth <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Hutton, Newtoncu bir co\u015fkuyla okuruna \u015f\u00f6yle sesleniyordu: \u201cE\u011fer a\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan\u0131 yeniden onar\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcretken kuvvetler olmasayd\u0131, r\u00fczgar, don ve akarsular\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri k\u0131talar\u0131 eninde sonunda d\u00fcmd\u00fcz edecekti. Ancak biliyoruz ki, bu onar\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00fcretici kuvvetler okyanuslar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemeyecek denli derinliklerinde yeni k\u0131talar\u0131n ve da\u011flar\u0131n temelini atmaktad\u0131r\u201d. Hutton\u2019\u0131n bu betimlemelerinde Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkileri ve Newtoncu \u00f6zdevimli makinenin Yer\u2019e uygulanmas\u0131ndaki co\u015fkusu g\u00f6zlenmektedir. Yer katmanlar\u0131 \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun ve dikkatli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve \u00e7\u00f6kelti kayalarla volkanik kayalar aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131n incelenmesinden t\u00fcretti\u011fi bilgiler, onar\u0131c\u0131 kuvvetin Yer\u2019in i\u00e7 \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyordu. Etkin yanarda\u011flar Hutton\u2019\u0131n, \u201cbu kuvvetin yeni kara par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131ndaki \u00fcretici kuvvet oldu\u011fu\u201d sav\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fruluyordu. Onun bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ayn\u0131 zamanda, Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00f6zlenen olaylar\u0131 do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc veya y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 kaprisli g\u00fc\u00e7lerle a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tepkinin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 da yans\u0131t\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece Bat\u0131 insan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evreninde, Romal\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ama zamanla unutulan, \u201czaman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sonsuzlu\u011fu\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yeniden do\u011fuyordu. Kitab\u0131n\u0131n son t\u00fcmcesinde Hutton, \u201cYapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fumuz ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar zaman\u0131n ne ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ne de sonunun oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin bir ipucu sunmaktad\u0131r\u201d saptamas\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Hutton\u2019\u0131n \u201czaman\u0131\u201d s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ve sonsuz ancak \u00e7evrimsel bir zamand\u0131r; bu da onun de\u011ferli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n eksik yan\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Hutton\u2019\u0131n \u201c\u00f6zdevimli d\u00fcnya makinesi\u201dne esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan Newton yasalar\u0131, gezegen y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin ortalama bir de\u011fer \u00e7evresinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dalgalanmalar sergileyece\u011fini ancak bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dalgalanmalar\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bozmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bu g\u00f6kbilim ger\u00e7ekleri, Hutton\u2019\u0131n organik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ve ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlerin bitki ve hayvanlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ilgisiz kalmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. G\u00f6kbilimden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ckararl\u0131l\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131na \u00e7ok fazla ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak canl\u0131lar\u0131n da \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca bu kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterece\u011fini, organik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere u\u011framayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. O d\u00f6nemde incelenmeye ba\u015flanan deniz canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin fosillerindeki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin belli belirsiz olu\u015fu, onun canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin \u201ckararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d konusundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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William Smith<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Zamana ili\u015fkin \u201ckorsan haritas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n ikinci par\u00e7as\u0131 William Smith\u2019in elindeydi. James Hutton\u2019\u0131n okyanuslar\u0131n dibinden su \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 kara par\u00e7alar\u0131 katmanla\u015fmalar sergiliyordu. 1695 y\u0131l\u0131nda James Woodward, 1749\u2019lu y\u0131llarda da Comte de Buffon katmanlar\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in fosillerden yararlan\u0131labilece\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015flerdi. Ancak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi organik fosillerden \u00e7ok kayalar\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131 \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Smith yeni bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla kaya katmanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erdikleri fosillerle tan\u0131 kazanabileceklerini savundu. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u201c\u00fcst \u00fcste yer alan katmanlar i\u00e7inde en altta olan en eskidir\u201d gibisinden, son derece basit bir ilkeyi benimsedi.<\/p>\n

Bir kadastro m\u00fchendisi olan William Smith ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca, \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki k\u00f6m\u00fcr yataklar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, batakl\u0131klar\u0131n kurutulmas\u0131, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn end\u00fcstri kentlerine en ekonomik yoldan ta\u015f\u0131nabilmesi i\u00e7in kanallar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201cKatman\u201d Smith olarak an\u0131lan bu m\u00fchendis, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir g\u00f6zlem g\u00fcc\u00fcyle her bir katman\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik organik i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bulgunun ay\u0131rd\u0131nda de\u011fildi ancak ya\u015fam\u0131n tarihini<\/strong> bulmu\u015ftu. \u00c7\u00f6kelti kayalar\u0131n\u0131 fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri temelinde s\u0131n\u0131flayamaman\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekerken, de\u011fi\u015fik katmanlardaki organik izlerin birbirinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu saptad\u0131. Ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda saptad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey, ya\u015fam\u0131n kendisini \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca s\u00fcrekli ve tan\u0131s\u0131 kolayl\u0131kla yap\u0131labilir bir bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fiydi.<\/p>\n

Yer\u2019in olu\u015fumunu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan katastrofik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri yads\u0131m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin tutuculu\u011fu, arkada\u015f \u00e7evresinden duyumsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131lar ve ki\u015fisel e\u011filimi sonucunda, \u201cYer\u2019in ge\u00e7mi\u015finde bilemedi\u011fimiz yanlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunmaya ba\u015flad\u0131: \u201cFosiller yard\u0131m\u0131yla ge\u00e7mi\u015fe, do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi d\u00f6nemlere gidiyoruz\u201d. Asl\u0131nda bu s\u00f6zler, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda giderek bask\u0131n duruma gelen bilimsel e\u011filimi yans\u0131t\u0131yordu. Bilimle, fosillerle ilgilenen ancak dinsel tutuculu\u011fu da korumak isteyen bir e\u011filimdi bu.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn katastrofik yerbilimci olarak tan\u0131mlanabilecek olan Smith ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde bilimin dikkatini katmanlara ve bu katmanlardaki fosillere \u00e7ekebilmi\u015fti. Smith evrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemedi belki ama zaman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sonsuzlu\u011funu onad\u0131. Onun\u00a0 \u201czaman\u0131\u201d da Hutton\u2019\u0131nkine benziyordu. Ancak Smith\u2019in zaman\u0131, sokaktaki adam i\u00e7in soyut bir zaman kavram\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Do\u011fa, Yer katmanlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u201cfosil canl\u0131 organizmalar\u201d sergisi a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, ge\u00e7mi\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez bi\u00e7imlerini sergiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f olan ya\u015fam \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar art\u0131k Yer\u2019in kayalar\u0131na ayr\u0131lamaz bir bi\u00e7imde ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe inen merdiven olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. Bundan b\u00f6yle, Yer\u2019in kayalar\u0131nda sergiledi\u011fi \u00f6yk\u00fcye bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n, bug\u00fcn ya\u015famda olan herhangi bir canl\u0131n\u0131n filogenetik incelenmesi olanaks\u0131zd\u0131. 1831 y\u0131l\u0131nda London Geological Society, \u201czamanda geriye do\u011fru yolculu\u011fu\u201d olas\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 onayarak Smith\u2019e Wollaston Madalyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 verdi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baron Georges Cuvier<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Zamana ili\u015fkin \u201ckorsan haritas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n son par\u00e7as\u0131 Cuvier\u2019nin elindeydi. Hutton ve Smith fiziksel yerbilimciydi. Omurgal\u0131lar ta\u015fbiliminin kurucusu olan Cuvier ise kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 anatomistti. Kabuklu deniz hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n fosilleri bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak bulunabiliyorken kara omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n fosilleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla un ufak olmu\u015f, ancak bir ya da iki kemi\u011fi i\u015fe yarar durumda bulunuyordu. Do\u011fa, \u00f6l\u00fc olan\u0131 korumakla ilgilenmiyordu; onun amac\u0131, bile\u015fenlerini, ya\u015fam yolunda yeni yolculuklara haz\u0131rlamakt\u0131. Bulunan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7adan nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f olan canl\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapmak ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fayan bir canl\u0131yla filogenetik ili\u015fkisini kurmak son derece \u00f6nemliydi. Cuvier i\u015fte bu sanat\u0131 doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve bu beceri bug\u00fcn bizim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131la girilirken Scala naturae<\/em> (varl\u0131klar zinciri) adl\u0131 Platocu doktrin canl\u0131lar\u0131n belli bir \u201cplana\u201d g\u00f6re olu\u015ftu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Bu plan, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrlere sahip olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n ortak bir fiziksel k\u00f6kene sahip oldu\u011funu savunuyordu. Cuvier bu \u201cplan\u0131\u201d ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ara\u015ft\u0131ran bir y\u00f6nteme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeden \u00f6nce bir dizi geli\u015fme oldu. 1) Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda dikkatler deniz kabuklar\u0131ndan omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n kemiklerine kay\u0131yordu. 2) Smith, fosillerin katman dizileriyle ili\u015fkisini kurunca, insanlar, hemen hemen tekd\u00fcze bir bi\u00e7im sergileyen omurgas\u0131z deniz kabuklar\u0131yla e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ya\u015fayan kara canl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc merak etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 3) S\u00fcrekli artan co\u011frafi bilgilere ko\u015fut olarak, \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n Yer\u2019in uzak k\u00f6\u015felerinde gizli kalm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi\u201d inanc\u0131 iyice zay\u0131flad\u0131. Canl\u0131lar\u0131n neslinin t\u00fckenebilece\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fi onand\u0131. 4) Paris havzas\u0131ndaki kaya olu\u015fumlar\u0131 \u00fczerine yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. \u00c7ok say\u0131da katman ve bu katmanlarda nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f de\u011fi\u015fik fosiller bulunuyordu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Kemik y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f canl\u0131lar\u0131n iskeletini olu\u015fturmak g\u00f6revi Cuvier\u2019nindi. Bu usta anatomist, nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f olan bir u\u00e7an s\u00fcr\u00fcngeni yeniden \u201ccanland\u0131rd\u0131\u201d ve \u00e7a\u011fc\u0131l insan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne sundu. Pterodactyls <\/em>ad\u0131 verilen bu s\u00fcr\u00fcngen omurgal\u0131lar kendilerini u\u00e7maya uyarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yap\u0131sal olarak a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz s\u00fcr\u00fcngenleriyle ili\u015fkiliydi.<\/p>\n

    Uzun bir u\u011fra\u015ftan sonra Cuvier \u201ckorsan haritas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n son par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 Hutton ve Smith\u2019in par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na uygun bir bi\u00e7imde yerle\u015ftirdi. Cuvier\u2019nin di\u011fer iki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 da Darwin\u2019in evrimci kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engelleri temizleyecekti. Birincisi<\/strong>, Cuvier, Varl\u0131klar Zinciri adl\u0131 hipotezi tamam\u0131yla yads\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gruplar\u0131n birbirinden \u0131raksayan anatomik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri, onlar\u0131n bir tek dizinin \u00f6\u011feleri olamayaca\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ediyordu. Cuvier hayvanlar\u0131 d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck grupta toplad\u0131: Vertebrata<\/em>, Mollusca<\/em>, Articulata<\/em>, Radiata<\/em>. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc grup daha sonra yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonunda b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frad\u0131. Ancak burada esas vurgu, Cuvier\u2019nin hayvanlar\u0131n taksonomik s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131na getirdi\u011fi iyile\u015ftirmeler \u00fczerine olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, kendisi ay\u0131rd\u0131na varamam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Varl\u0131klar Zinciri hipotezi yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n savundu\u011funun tersine, ya\u015famda yaln\u0131zca bir tek \u201cdizi\u201d olmay\u0131p, birden \u00e7ok merdivenin bulundu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Cuvier evrim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini onamad\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc evrimci yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n Varl\u0131klar Zinciri hipotezinin biraz daha \u201cs\u00fcsl\u00fc\u201d bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bug\u00fcn \u015funu rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6yleyebiliriz ki, Cuvier, \u201c\u0131raksak evrim\u201d kavram\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcren yolu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, art\u0131k hi\u00e7 kimse, varl\u0131klar dizisinin bilmem ka\u00e7\u0131nc\u0131 basama\u011f\u0131ndaki solucana, dizinin son basama\u011f\u0131ndaki insana ula\u015fmaya \u00e7abalayan bir yarat\u0131k g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakamayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u0130kincisi<\/strong>, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za evrim kuram\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kacak olan \u201cdirimsel dizi\u201d hipotezinin geli\u015ftirilmesine verilen d\u00fcrt\u00fc Cuvier\u2019nin bulgular\u0131ndan gelmi\u015fti. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131nda yer alan \u015fu saptama hem d\u00f6neminin katastrofik-entelekt\u00fcel havas\u0131n\u0131 hem de bilimsel y\u00f6ntemini \u00e7ok g\u00fczel yans\u0131t\u0131yor: \u201cNesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f ve ya\u015famakta olan canl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki filogenetik ili\u015fkiler, do\u011fa felsefesinin genel ilkelerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, tamamen g\u00f6zlemlerden t\u00fcretilecektir\u201d.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Kemik, katman, pastoral<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bir kemik Cuvier i\u00e7in asla \u201cyaln\u0131zca bir kemik\u201d olmad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc girintileri ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla, boyuyla ve kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla o \u201cyaln\u0131z\u201d kemik, di\u011fer kemik ve organlarla uyumlu bir birliktelik sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc anlat\u0131yordu. Cuvier i\u00e7in bir tek di\u015f, pen\u00e7enin nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine; bir tek t\u0131rnak, k\u00fcrek kemi\u011finin ne denli yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyordu.<\/p>\n

    Da\u011flar\u0131, ovalar\u0131, nehir ve ormanlar\u0131yla bir kara par\u00e7as\u0131 da Hutton i\u00e7in asla bir zamanlar olu\u015fmu\u015f ve unutulmu\u015f \u201cyaln\u0131zca k\u0131rsal bir kesim\u201d olmad\u0131. O k\u0131rsal kesim, yaz\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcren ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca bir sayfas\u0131yd\u0131; \u00fcstelik yaz\u0131lan da \u00f6z ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc. Sahneyi, buzlanmalar, \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca esen tatl\u0131 meltemler, yeralt\u0131 tanr\u0131s\u0131 pl\u00fctonyum ve k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131s\u0131, dere kenar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ve bir par\u00e7a topra\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcklenip gitmekten koruyan ot par\u00e7alar\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu. K\u0131rsal kesim do\u011fald\u0131; katastrofik olaylarla veya gazaba gelmi\u015f bir \u201cdo\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc kaprisli g\u00fc\u00e7\u201d taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, bir yandan a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ran di\u011fer yandan da yenilerini \u00fcreten kuvvetlerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fimiyle olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n

    Benzer bi\u00e7imde bir katman da Smith i\u00e7in asla \u201cyaln\u0131zca bir ta\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d olmad\u0131. O katmanlar ge\u00e7mi\u015fin karanl\u0131klar\u0131na inen merdivenin basamaklar\u0131yd\u0131. T\u0131pk\u0131 ambere yakalanm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6cekler gibi merdivenin her basama\u011f\u0131 da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fik canl\u0131lar\u0131 yakalam\u0131\u015f ve korumu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

    \u0130nsan\u0131n bilgi da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131na eklenen bu bilgilerden sonra onu organik de\u011fi\u015fimin<\/strong> ger\u00e7ekli\u011fine inand\u0131racak ba\u015fka ne kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Milyonlarca y\u0131l boyunca d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir bi\u00e7imde akan ya\u015fam\u0131n kimi bile\u015fenleri evrim ge\u00e7irip de\u011fi\u015firken kimiyse yok olup gidiyordu. Ancak insanl\u0131k, gezegenin ge\u00e7mi\u015fini anlatan bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc bir film gibi izleyece\u011fine, de\u011fi\u015fik d\u00f6nemlerinde \u00e7ekilmi\u015f donuk foto\u011fraflar olarak alg\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    S\u0131radan vatanda\u015f\u0131n bilgisi geni\u015fleyip derinle\u015fiyor olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n hem kendisi hem de kendisine bu de\u011ferli bilgileri sunan bilim insanlar\u0131 \u00e7ocukluklar\u0131ndan beri kendilerine i\u015flenmi\u015f olan dogmalara ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmay\u0131 ye\u011fliyorlard\u0131. Kayalarda yatan nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f canl\u0131larla bug\u00fcn ya\u015famda olan canl\u0131lar\u0131n fiziksel ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131na kesinlikle inan\u0131lm\u0131yordu. Cuvier, \u00f6zellikle kara ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fan yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sergiledi\u011finde, bu ger\u00e7ek daha geleneksel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlerin usunda hemen, \u201cinsana do\u011fru ilerleyen bir dizi\u201d olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131yordu. Dizi, evrenin mimar\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131; \u00f6nceden biliniyordu ve tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ilerliyordu Dizi \u00f6\u011fretisi, Varl\u0131klar Zinciri \u00f6\u011fretisinin baz\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini sergiliyordu. Dizi \u00f6\u011fretisi, insan merkezli bir \u00f6\u011fretiydi. Bu \u00f6\u011fretinin yanda\u015flar\u0131 ya\u015fam s\u00fcrecinin amac\u0131n\u0131n insan oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yor, her \u015feyin onu i\u015faret etti\u011fini savunuyorlard\u0131. Bu arada dizi \u00f6\u011fretisi, varl\u0131klar zincirini zamansalla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n olas\u0131 oldu\u011funa, onu ger\u00e7ek anlamda evrimci bir hipotez yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe do\u011fru uzat\u0131labilece\u011fine i\u015faret ediyordu. Bu \u00f6\u011fretide organik varl\u0131klar\u0131n sahneye s\u0131rayla \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, her birinin katastrofik bir bi\u00e7imde veya belki de do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lerin uyartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 jeolojik felaketlerle ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunuluyordu.<\/p>\n

    Gezegenin ge\u00e7mi\u015f bitki ve hayvanlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n tasarlanm\u0131\u015f olan birli\u011fi ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde filogenetik bir ili\u015fki olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ancak bu tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fta maddi temelden daha \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde, ruhsal d\u00fczeyde bir ili\u015fkiden s\u00f6z ediliyordu. \u015eunu rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6yleyebiliriz ki, diziciler ruhsal evrimi, varl\u0131klar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek fiziksel de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinden \u00f6nce onam\u0131\u015ft\u0131!<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Darwin \u00f6ncesi yar\u0131s\u0131nda geleneksel H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k \u00f6\u011fretisiyle romantik Alman felsefesinin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. O d\u00f6nemin yeni biliminin kavram ve bulgular\u0131, \u201cYarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131\u201d \u00f6\u011fretisine yaman\u0131yordu. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerindeki Alman romantik yazarlar\u0131ndan t\u00fcremi\u015ftir. Gode von Aesch\u2019\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi, Almanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm felsefe okullar\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131, \u201ctanr\u0131n\u0131n veya do\u011fa kitab\u0131n\u0131n dili olan dev bir hiyeroglif dizgesi\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 Alman filozoflar\u0131 insan\u0131 organik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u201cmikrokozmozu\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor, insan\u0131n embriyonik geli\u015fmesinin, \u201chayvanlar\u0131n insan\u0131n fet\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131 oldu\u011fu\u201d ger\u00e7e\u011fini yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyorlard\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Bu kavram, Darwin sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde baz\u0131 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin k\u00f6kenini olu\u015fturacakt\u0131. En \u00fcst insan t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak Caucasian<\/em>\u2019\u0131n embriyonik veya emziklik bebek a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer \u201calt d\u00fczey \u0131rklar\u0131\u201d and\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunuldu. Ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca varl\u0131klar dizisi \u00f6\u011fretisinin savunucusu olan ve Darwin ile sonuna dek sava\u015fan Louis Agassiz\u00a0 insan merkezli dizi hipotezini sonuna dek savunmu\u015f, \u201cdizinin son terimi\u201d olan insan\u0131n tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla Yer\u2019in tarihinin tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: \u201cAnatomik kan\u0131tlardan yola \u00e7\u0131karsak, insan varl\u0131klar dizisinin son \u00f6\u011fesidir. Plana g\u00f6re onun \u00f6tesinde maddi bir geli\u015fme s\u00f6z konusu olamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Sir Charles Lyell ve uniformitarian ilkenin canlan\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Cuvier \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn doruk noktas\u0131ndayken Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u00f6nde gelen yerbilimcileri katastrofik hipotezi savunuyorlard\u0131. Tam bu s\u0131rada gen\u00e7 bir yerbilimci, Charles Lyell<\/strong> (1797-1875) Principles of Geology <\/em>adl\u0131 bir kitap yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Kitap, o d\u00f6nemin bask\u0131n yerbilim \u00f6\u011fretisini ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ve yerbilime bir kez daha s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z zaman ve do\u011fa kuvvetleri kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 sunmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Lyell\u2019\u0131n bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli yerini belirleyen etmenler, yerbilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve Charles Darwin\u2019in ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 derinden etkilemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      S\u0131radan vatanda\u015f zaman ve \u00e7ok uzun zaman dilimleri boyunca etkiyen do\u011fal kuvvetler kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olmasayd\u0131 Darwin\u2019in evrim hipotezi kolay kolay onanamazd\u0131. Dahas\u0131, Lyell\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda kalmasayd\u0131 Darwin\u2019in kuram\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131 ve ileri s\u00fcrmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla ger\u00e7ekle\u015femeyebilirdi. Ancak \u00e7ok tuhaft\u0131r ki, Lyell\u2019\u0131n yerbilim alan\u0131nda kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 utku, daha sonra Darwin\u2019in dirimbilim alan\u0131nda kazanaca\u011f\u0131 utku denli b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Lyell ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131na dek evrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi onamad\u0131. Oysa bug\u00fcn bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda evrim, Lyell\u2019\u0131n sundu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce dizgesinin do\u011fal sonucu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Varl\u0131klar dizisini savunanlar\u0131n ard\u0131 ard\u0131na gelen organik d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n, \u201cyelkovan\u0131n o g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen ancak \u015fa\u015fmaz h\u0131z\u0131yla ilerleyen bir d\u00fcnya oldu\u011fu\u201d ger\u00e7e\u011fini ortaya atma g\u00f6revi Darwin\u2019in olacakt\u0131. Daha \u00f6nceleri \u00fcnl\u00fc g\u00f6kbilimci Halley, 1717 y\u0131l\u0131nda, G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin uzay\u0131n belli bir k\u00f6\u015fesinde kararl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde demirlemi\u015f olmaktan \u00e7ok devasa bir y\u0131ld\u0131zlar dizgesi i\u00e7inde belli bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fini bulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

      Art\u0131k Darwin yaln\u0131zca insan\u0131n de\u011fil t\u00fcm ya\u015fam\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu, kiminin ya\u015fama y\u00fckselirken kiminin neslinin t\u00fckenmekte oldu\u011funu, evrim ge\u00e7irdi\u011fini, de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini duyurmaya haz\u0131rd\u0131. Ne Yer\u2019deki canl\u0131 ya\u015fam ve bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak evren 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn savundu\u011fu gibi kararl\u0131 dizgelerdi, ne de varl\u0131klar dizisi, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi son terimi olan insan\u0131 tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131karma g\u00f6reviyle y\u00fckl\u00fc bir tasar\u0131md\u0131.<\/p>\n

      Darwin, Lyell\u2019\u0131n Principles of Geology <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Beagle\u2019da okudu. Yolculuk d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde Lyell\u2019\u0131n hayranlar\u0131ndan biri oldu. Darwin \u00e7ok iyi bir g\u00f6zlemci ve kitap kurduydu; bu yads\u0131namaz. Ancak Lyell\u2019\u0131n erken d\u00f6nem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 okuyanlar onun Darwin\u2019in evrimci kuram\u0131na \u00e7ok yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hemen g\u00f6receklerdir. E\u011fer Lyell, do\u011fal se\u00e7im ilkesini kitab\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcd\u00fcc\u00fc ilkesi yapsayd\u0131, Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 Lyell\u2019\u0131n Principles of Geology <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131ndan rahatl\u0131kla t\u00fcretilebilirdi.<\/p>\n

      Darwin\u2019in kuram\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6zetinde Augustine de Candolle\u2019den al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan bir al\u0131nt\u0131 g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r: \u201cDo\u011fan\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131\u201d. Darwin, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda da Frans\u0131z botanik\u00e7isi Candolle\u2019e g\u00f6nderi yap\u0131yor. Darwin\u2019in \u201cvarolma sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d (struggle for existence) kavram\u0131n\u0131 Malthus\u2019dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunulur. Bunun do\u011fru oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. Darwin\u2019in kendisi Frans\u0131zca\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok iyi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131n \u00e7evrelerine s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer yandan Lyell\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131na s\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc cildinin otuz be\u015finci sayfas\u0131nda Lyell, Candolle\u2019e g\u00f6nderiler yapmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk bask\u0131s\u0131nda da Darwin, \u201cDe Candolle ve Lyell t\u00fcm organik varl\u0131klar\u0131n ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir yar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir\u201d diyerek \u201cvarolma sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret\u00a0 etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

      Sir Charles Lyell \u201cvarolma sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d ilkesinin, t\u00fcrlerin neslini t\u00fcketen y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 yan\u0131n\u0131 tamamen kavram\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bu ilkenin yarat\u0131c\u0131 yan\u0131n\u0131 kavramakta ayn\u0131 beceriyi g\u00f6sterememi\u015ftir. Ancak onun \u201cg\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tan\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz kuvvetlerin ge\u00e7mi\u015fte de i\u015flerlikte oldu\u011fu\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki inanc\u0131 sars\u0131lmaz bir ilkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f olan Paleozoik deniz artropodlar\u0131ndan olan Trilobitlerin <\/em>g\u00f6zleri \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelemelerden, \u201co d\u00f6nemlerde de okyanuslar bug\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irecek denli saydamd\u0131. Atmosfer de saydamd\u0131 ki \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar denize dek ula\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu demektir ki G\u00fcne\u015f o zamanlar da \u00e7evresine \u0131\u015f\u0131k veren bir g\u00f6k cismiydi\u201d ve benzer \u00e7\u0131karsamalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sir Charles Lyell fosil ya\u011fmur damlalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen ilk ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cBu damlalar\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ya\u011fmur damlalar\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131na benzemektedir\u201d saptamas\u0131yla, jeolojik zaman\u0131n tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 en eski d\u00f6nemlerdeki atmosferin yo\u011funlu\u011funun bug\u00fcnk\u00fcne denk oldu\u011fu sonucunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

      \u0130\u015fte, katastrofik yerbilim doktrininin yava\u015f yava\u015f s\u00f6nmesine neden olan kan\u0131tlar b\u00f6ylesine dikkatli ve inat\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6zlemler sonunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyordu. Sir Charles Lyell\u2019\u0131n bu ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 sonunda bir tarih bilimcisi 1835 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cDo\u011fan\u0131n bug\u00fcn g\u00f6zledi\u011fimiz kuvvetlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z zaman i\u00e7inde i\u015flerlikte oldu\u011funun g\u00f6sterilmesi \u00fczerine, Yer\u2019in evrimini kuyruklu y\u0131ld\u0131z \u00e7arpmas\u0131, Nuh tufan\u0131, vb. gibi do\u011fal felaketler veya do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc el atmalarla a\u00e7\u0131klamaya gerek kalmayacak\u201d. Lyell, \u201cvarl\u0131klar dizisi\u201d adl\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan doktrininin bask\u0131n oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemden arda sa\u011flam kalan ve daha sonra Darwinci olan bir bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Non-progressionism<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      James Hutton Yer\u2019i, kendi kendini ayarlayan, kendini yenileyen ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z zaman boyunca varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bir \u00f6zdevimli makine olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Hutton kendinden \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerde olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olan bir dizi evrenbilim s\u00f6ylencesine ve Yer\u2019in olu\u015fumuna ili\u015fkin kuramlara ilgisiz kald\u0131. Hutton\u2019a g\u00f6re bu \u00e7abalar s\u00f6ylencesel ve kan\u0131tlanamaz \u00e7abalard\u0131. Hutton\u2019\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu dizgenin tutarl\u0131 olabilmesi i\u00e7in Yer\u2019in s\u00fcregelen olu\u015fumuna do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc, gizemli veya a\u00e7\u0131klanamayan kuvvetlerin bula\u015fmamas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Gezegenimizin y\u00fczeyini a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ran ama ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni y\u00fczeylerin olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flayan kuvvetler, bug\u00fcn mimari yeteneklerine tan\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz r\u00fczgar, don, akarsular ve o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in gizemli olan Yer\u2019in i\u00e7 \u0131s\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Organik ya\u015fam Hutton\u2019\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekmemi\u015fti. Yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ge\u00e7mi\u015fe do\u011fru uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 onam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yine Hutton zaman\u0131nda t\u00fcrlerin neslinin t\u00fckenece\u011fine veya t\u00fcrlerin giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lar kazanaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin kan\u0131tlar hen\u00fcz toplanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

      Sir Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralarda uniformitarian ilkeyi onam\u0131\u015f bir bilim insan\u0131yd\u0131, ancak ko\u015fullar Hutton\u2019\u0131n 1780 y\u0131l\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullardan farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Lyell\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u0131llarda canl\u0131lar\u0131n neslinin t\u00fckendi\u011fine ili\u015fkin kan\u0131tlar birikmi\u015fti. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, katastrofist yerbilimcilerin insan merkezli \u201cvarl\u0131klar dizisi\u201d felsefesi, Hutton\u2019\u0131n uniformitarian ilkesinin antitezini olu\u015fturuyordu. Tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u201cvarl\u0131klar dizisi\u201d evrimci kurama giden yolda dev bir ad\u0131m olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ancak Lyell\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6neminde 1830\u2019lu y\u0131llarda bu doktrin t\u0131pk\u0131 katastrofizm gibi bilimsel ilkelerde gerileyi\u015fi ve yerbilime do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc el atmalar\u0131n sunulu\u015fu \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 simgeler. Uniformitarian yerbilimini savunan Lyell\u2019\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cvarl\u0131klar dizisi\u201d \u00f6\u011fretisini onamas\u0131 beklenemezdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yukar\u0131da da de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi bu \u00f6\u011freti, katastrofizmin dirimbilimdeki dengiydi. Bu zor ko\u015fullar nedeniyle Lyell\u2019\u0131n konumu en ba\u015ftan beri \u00e7eli\u015fkili de\u011filse bile belirsizdi.<\/p>\n

      Yerbilimde katastrofist doktrine kar\u015f\u0131 belirgin bir utku kazanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Lyell mutlulu\u011fu doyas\u0131ya tadam\u0131yordu. Organik de\u011fi\u015fikliklere ili\u015fkin yads\u0131namaz bilgiler giderek art\u0131yordu. Bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmezlikten gelmek olanaks\u0131zd\u0131. Varl\u0131klar dizisini savunan birisi i\u00e7in bunlara, \u201c\u00f6zel yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d veya \u201cTanr\u0131n\u0131n el atmas\u0131\u201d bi\u00e7iminde bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirmek son derece kolayken, t\u00fcm ya\u015fam\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n neslinin t\u00fckeni\u015fine ve bir \u00fcst d\u00fczeyden olmak \u00fczere yeniden yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmakla ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan birisi i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 oluyordu. Katastrofizmin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu savunan Lyell\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi \u00e7ok zor bir sorun \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Bu sorun Hutton\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 ondan, yaln\u0131zca inorganik d\u00fcnyadaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda organik d\u00fcnyadaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri de uniformitarian ilkeler temelinde \u00e7\u00f6zmesini bekliyorlard\u0131. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle Lyell ya canl\u0131lar d\u00fcnyas\u0131na el atan gizemli veya do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7leri a\u00e7\u0131klayacak ya da gezegenimizin de bir zamanlar bilinmeyen kuvvetlerce yo\u011fruldu\u011funu onamak zorunda kalacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

      Bu a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zor bir engeldi. Darwinci ilkenin, t\u00fcrlerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011finin hen\u00fcz bilinmedi\u011fi o a\u015famada Lyell\u2019\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir tek yol vard\u0131. O da d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f uniformitarian ilkeydi: uzay ve zaman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 onarken, dikkatli ve \u00e7ekimser bir bi\u00e7imde, \u201ccanl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck organik de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi\u201d sav\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131tlanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Onun zaman\u0131ndaki bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda belli ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerinin neslinin t\u00fckendi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini yads\u0131mak olanaks\u0131zd\u0131. \u00dcnl\u00fc yerbilimci Hutton, uniformitarian yerbilimi \u00f6\u011fretisine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehlike olu\u015fturan varl\u0131klar dizisi \u00f6\u011fretisini ortadan kald\u0131rmak istiyordu. Bu arada ta\u015fbilimden yeni bulgular geliyordu: Birbirinden ayr\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere ait oldu\u011fu san\u0131lan canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n fosillerinin ayn\u0131 katmanda bulunmas\u0131 \u00fczerine katastrofik yerbilim \u00f6\u011fretileri g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Katastrofistlerin, \u201cYa\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi biliyoruz\u201d dedikleri canl\u0131lar\u0131n savunulan \u00e7a\u011flardan daha \u00f6nce de ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya serilince, bu dizinin son eleman\u0131 olan insan\u0131n k\u00f6kenine, dizinin ger\u00e7ekten \u201cson eleman\u0131\u201d olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin ku\u015fkular doruk noktas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Lyell\u00a0 birbirini izleyen varl\u0131klar dizisi \u00f6\u011fretisinin do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. Hen\u00fcz Darwin taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n art\u0131k kendisini yava\u015f yava\u015f duyumsatan \u201cevrimci\u201d ilerleme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini, do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc cila \u00e7ekilmi\u015f varl\u0131klar dizisi \u00f6\u011fretisi sand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yads\u0131d\u0131. Tuhaft\u0131r ki, organik de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri do\u011fal kuvvetler cinsinden a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, organik de\u011fi\u015fiklik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin kendisini yads\u0131ma noktas\u0131na geldi. Yukar\u0131da da de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi Lyell\u2019\u0131n durumu en ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri zor ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131t\u0131. Organik de\u011fi\u015fikliklere do\u011fal bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirmek amac\u0131yla bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklere neden olan kuvvetler \u00fczerinde yo\u011fun ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar daha sonra Darwin ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015f\u0131 Wallace\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ok i\u015fine yarayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

      Uniformitarian okulun t\u00fcm \u00fcyeleri do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc veya bilinmeyen kuvvetlerin evrene el atmalar\u0131n\u0131 yads\u0131d\u0131lar. Bu okul, zaman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011funu, evrenin do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc el atmalarla \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru ilerledi\u011fini yayan H\u0131ristiyan \u00f6\u011fretisine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 simgeler. Bu okul, evrene uygulanan Newtoncu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 Yer\u2019e uygular ve Yer\u2019in de do\u011fa kuvvetlerinin etkisi alt\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 ilkelerle\u00a0 kendi kendini ayarlayan, yenileyen ve kendi ba\u011fr\u0131ndan yeni varl\u0131klar \u00fcreten \u00f6zdevimli bir makine oldu\u011funu savunur. Kuvvetlerin s\u00fcreklili\u011fi ve zaman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavramlar\u0131yla evrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur. Malthuscu se\u00e7im ilkesini ustaca uygulayan Darwin, uniformitarianlar\u0131n gereksinimi olan g\u00f6zlenebilir \u201cdo\u011fal\u201d kuvveti sa\u011flayarak, do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc el atmalara kar\u015f\u0131 duyduklar\u0131 korkuyu b\u00f6ylece ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u201cBen, benden sonrakilerin otobana \u00e7evirece\u011fi bir patika a\u00e7t\u0131m\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0130nsanl\u0131k, tanr\u0131y\u0131 bilimin ilgili dallar\u0131ndan ait oldu\u011fu teoloji alan\u0131na \u201cs\u00fcrd\u00fckleri\u201d i\u00e7in Uniformitarian yerbilimcilere ve evrimci dirimbilimcilere \u00e7ok \u015fey bor\u00e7ludur. Bu bilim insanlar\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz ilkeler, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi g\u00f6rebilmek, onu yeniden g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serebilmek ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc nas\u0131l yo\u011furdu\u011funu anlayabilmek i\u00e7in bug\u00fcn, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in alt\u0131ndaki her \u015feyin yeni oldu\u011funu ve \u201czaman oku\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnde geriye d\u00f6nmemecesine ilerledi\u011fini, zaman\u0131n \u00e7evrimsel de\u011fil, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcz ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu onamam\u0131z\u0131 gerektiriyor.<\/p>\n

      Darwin kendinden \u00f6nceki entelekt\u00fcel ak\u0131mlar\u0131 durgun ancak derinden akan bir \u0131rmakta bulu\u015fturma becerisini g\u00f6steren bir bilim insan\u0131yd\u0131 ve al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcyd\u00fc: \u201cBen, benden sonrakilerin otobana \u00e7evirece\u011fi bir patika a\u00e7t\u0131m\u201d.<\/p>\n

      Darwin \u00f6ncesi ve \u00e7a\u011fc\u0131l\u0131 olan bilim insanlar\u0131 \u2018varolma sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n\u2019 yap\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00fcretken yan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rememi\u015flerdir. \u201c\u00c7a\u011fc\u0131l dirimbilimciler evrimi \u2018t\u00fcrlerin yetersiz besin depolar\u0131 i\u00e7in verdikleri sava\u015f\u0131m olmaktan \u00e7ok, toplam besin depolar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131racak ve b\u00f6ylece paylar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen besinleri alacak bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fmeleri\u2019 olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yorlar\u201d saptamas\u0131n\u0131 yapmadan edemiyoruz. Ancak bu ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n konusu.<\/p>\n

      Beagle ile d\u00fcnya turuna \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce Darwin evrim hipotezini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu bile. Ancak bu hipotezi \u201calan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda\u201d ki\u015fisel g\u00f6zlemleriyle do\u011frulamak istiyordu. Darwin\u2019i Darwin yapan davran\u0131\u015f, hipotezinin s\u0131nanmas\u0131 konusunda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi istekti.<\/p>\n

      Leonardo, Kepler, Hutton, Smith, Cuvier, Lyell ve Darwin gibi bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ortak bir yan\u0131 vard\u0131: S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir zaman i\u00e7inde evrim ge\u00e7iren do\u011fay\u0131, bug\u00fcn burada g\u00f6zledi\u011fimiz kuvvetlerin etkile\u015fimi cinsinden a\u00e7\u0131klamak ve gerekirse bu bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015fe inen basama\u011f\u0131n merdivenlerini olu\u015fturmak.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

      1) Loren Eisley, Darwin\u2019s Century, Anchor Books,Doubleday and Company Inc., Garden City New York, 1961.<\/p>\n

      2) Eric J. Lerner, The Big Bang Never Happened, Times Books, Random House, Inc, NY, 1991<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Leonardo, Kepler, Hutton, Smith, Cuvier, Lyell ve Darwin gibi bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ortak bir yan\u0131 vard\u0131: S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir zaman i\u00e7inde evrim ge\u00e7iren do\u011fay\u0131, bug\u00fcn burada g\u00f6zledi\u011fimiz kuvvetlerin etkile\u015fimi cinsinden a\u00e7\u0131klamak ve gerekirse bu bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015fe inen basama\u011f\u0131n merdivenlerini olu\u015fturmak. Darwin kendinden \u00f6nceki entelekt\u00fcel ak\u0131mlar\u0131 durgun ancak derinden akan bir \u0131rmakta bulu\u015fturma becerisini g\u00f6steren bir bilim […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":475,"featured_media":9755,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[99,38,32],"tags":[461,200,639],"class_list":["post-9754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-61-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-evrim","tag-darwin","tag-evrim","tag-kepler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/475"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9754"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9754\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}