{"id":9875,"date":"2009-04-01T18:51:40","date_gmt":"2009-04-01T15:51:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9875"},"modified":"2017-05-21T18:55:57","modified_gmt":"2017-05-21T15:55:57","slug":"tommaso-campanella-kimdir-ben-dogacak-yeni-sabahlarin-can-sesiyim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/04\/01\/tommaso-campanella-kimdir-ben-dogacak-yeni-sabahlarin-can-sesiyim","title":{"rendered":"Tommaso Campanella kimdir? \u2018Ben do\u011facak yeni sabahlar\u0131n \u00e7an sesiyim\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

Campanella\u2019n\u0131n hapislik hayat\u0131 yirmi yedi y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. B\u00f6ylesine uzun bir i\u015fkence hayat\u0131na onun gibi ruh ve kafaca sa\u011flam, inan\u00e7lar\u0131nda sars\u0131lmaz bir insan dayanabilirdi ancak. Nitekim i\u015fkencecilerine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131 hep havada kald\u0131, onlardan ne ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi, ne de yard\u0131m bekledi. \u0130stedi\u011fi tek \u015fey, kitap, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t ve kalem; yani kafas\u0131n\u0131 beslemek ve kafas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya sa\u00e7makt\u0131. Campanella\u2019ya g\u00f6re felsefe, tabiat\u0131n s\u0131rlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015f bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma olarak, Kutsal Kitaplar\u0131n ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc otoritenin bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kendini kurtarmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z makale, Campanella\u2019n\u0131n Sosyal Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cG\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi\u201d (Civitas Solis) adl\u0131 eserine Vedat G\u00fcnyol\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u2019den al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Tommaso Campanella, G\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi, \u00c7evirenler: Haydar Kazgan – Vedat G\u00fcnyol, 1. bask\u0131, Mart 1985). Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve araba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 biz koyduk.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639), d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yirmi yedi y\u0131ll\u0131k hapis hayat\u0131yla \u00f6demi\u015f bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kahraman\u0131d\u0131r. Onun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem, Avrupa katolik d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7alanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, modern d\u00fcnyay\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan politik, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olaylar\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00fcnlere rastlar. Daha 14. ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin kat\u0131 dogmalar\u0131na, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve haks\u0131z zenginli\u011fine, derebeylik d\u00fczeninin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerine kar\u015f\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli tarikatlar\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finde, yer yer ba\u015f g\u00f6steren ayaklanmalar Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ba\u015ftanba\u015fa saran bir nitelik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir yandan Kilisenin, bir yandan da kral kuvvetlerinin bast\u0131r\u0131p ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu tarikat ayaklanmalar\u0131, ba\u015fka ba\u015fka yerlerde, ba\u015fka adlarla yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenip harekete ge\u00e7iyordu. \u0130\u015fte, Bohemya\u2019da uzun s\u00fcre etkin olan Picard\u2019lar ya da Adamist\u2019ler! \u0130\u015fte, \u0130talya, Fransa ve Almanya\u2019da \u201cinsan\u0131n bu d\u00fcnyada mutlu olmas\u0131n\u0131\u201d isteyen Beggard\u2019lar! \u0130\u015fte, \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki Wyclif\u2019\u00e7iler, orta Avrupa\u2019daki Hus\u2019cular! B\u00fct\u00fcn bu tarikatlar, dinsel yenilikler yan\u0131nda, daha hakl\u0131 bir toplumsal d\u00fczen kurma \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7indeydiler. Hus\u2019cular\u0131n bir kolu olan Taborit\u2019ler, dinsel t\u00f6renlerin bir\u00e7o\u011funu atmakla kalm\u0131yor, din reformunu mal ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanan toplumsal bir devrimle tamamlamak istiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte, Campanella bu toplumcu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften, bu devrimci ilkelerden yola \u00e7\u0131kar ve \u201cBen do\u011facak yeni sabahlar\u0131n \u00e7an sesiyim\u201d der. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, ufukta beliren bu yeni sabah\u0131 g\u00f6remeyecektir. Ama onun ad\u0131 felsefe ve sosyal doktrinler tarihinde, bir m\u00fcjdeci olarak, ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve ya\u015fayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\u201cAnlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m artt\u0131k\u00e7a, bilgim eksiliyor\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Campanella, \u0130talya\u2019da Calabria b\u00f6lgesinde Stilo kasabas\u0131nda d\u00fcnyaya geliyor. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015ftan, \u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2s\u0131 ve okumaya olan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 tutkunlu\u011fuyla dikkati \u00e7ekiyor. On \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli konular \u00fcst\u00fcne \u015fiirler yaz\u0131yor, uzun uzun s\u00f6ylevler veriyor. On be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda Cosenza dominiken manast\u0131r\u0131na giriyor ve orada Aquinolu ermi\u015f Augustinus\u2019un Somma Theologica<\/em>\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 defalarca okuyor. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden manast\u0131rda okumad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eser kalm\u0131yor. Bilgiye olan susuzlu\u011funu bir \u015fiirinde \u015f\u00f6yle dile getiriyor: \u201cD\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn kitaplar\u0131 doyuramaz kafam\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131. Neler neler okumad\u0131m! Ama yine de kafam\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcyorum… Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m artt\u0131k\u00e7a, bilgim eksiliyor…\u201d<\/p>\n

Dinsel konulardan az zamanda b\u0131kan Campanella, felsefeye veriyor kendini. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130talyan filozofu Telesio\u2019da arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nderi buluyor. Do\u011fruyu kitaplardan \u00e7ok, tabiat\u0131n g\u00f6zleminde arayan Telesio, Aristoteles\u2019in b\u00fct\u00fcn bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 etkileyen felsefesine kar\u015f\u0131 tabiat felsefesini savunuyordu. Bu ama\u00e7la da \u201cAcademia Telesiana\u201d ad\u0131yla bir felsefe derne\u011fi kurmu\u015ftu. Telesio\u2019nun temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u015fuydu: Bilim soyut kavramlardan de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek varl\u0131klardan yola \u00e7\u0131kmal\u0131d\u0131r; deney, bilimin ba\u015fvurmas\u0131 gereken temel kurald\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Campanella yirmi iki ya\u015f\u0131nda ilk eserini yaz\u0131yor. Bu, Telesio\u2019yu d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savunmak ve Aristoteles felsefesini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek amac\u0131yla kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Philosophia sensibus demostratat<\/em>\u2019t\u0131r. Eser cizvitlerin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011fruyor. Sapk\u0131nl\u0131k ve b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fckle su\u00e7lanan Campanella, Papa\u2019n\u0131n emriyle Cosenza\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Stilo\u2019ya d\u00f6nmek zorunda kal\u0131yor. Stilo manast\u0131r\u0131nda bo\u015f vakitlerini okumak, bilgisini art\u0131rmakla de\u011ferlendiren Campanella, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden \u201cbu dar ve karanl\u0131k hapisevinden\u201d ka\u00e7\u0131yor. On y\u0131l, \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 ba\u015ftanba\u015fa dola\u015f\u0131yor. Venedik\u2019te Galile\u2019yle, daha bir\u00e7ok tarih\u00e7i ve filozofla tan\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. U\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle, k\u00f6r inan\u00e7larla sava\u015f\u0131yor. \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerini g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra, sava\u015fkan ve kararl\u0131, Stilo\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

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Devrimci Campanella<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Campanella\u2019n\u0131n hayat dram\u0131 burada ba\u015fl\u0131yor. 1600\u2019larda b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcney \u0130talya, \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi haline gelmi\u015fti. \u00d6zellikle Calabria b\u00f6lgesi, din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n elinde daha da yoksulla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir yandan engizisyon vah\u015feti, bir yandan yoksulluk, toplumsal isteklere yol a\u00e7maktayd\u0131. K\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri olan kitapl\u0131klar ve akademiler kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce manast\u0131rlarda bar\u0131nabiliyordu ancak.<\/p>\n

Yurdunu \u0130spanyol boyunduru\u011fundan kurtarmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Campanella bir ayaklanma tertiplemeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Pietro Giannone Napoli Tarihi<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde bu ayaklanma i\u00e7in \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cCampanella yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve cumhuriyet tasar\u0131lar\u0131yla az kals\u0131n Calabria\u2019n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne getirecekti. Krall\u0131klar\u0131 yeni bir d\u00fczene sokmaya, toplumlar\u0131 y\u00f6netecek anayasalar koymaya kadar ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc i\u015fi.\u201d Anla\u015f\u0131lan, Campanella, sonradan hapiste yazaca\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi<\/em>\u2019nin toplum d\u00fczenini daha o zamandan tasarlam\u0131\u015f, politik ayaklanmay\u0131, daha \u00f6nceki sapk\u0131n tarikatlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, toplumsal bir reformla tamamlamaya kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Papa Paulus V, Urbanus VII, Bacon ve Richelieu gibi astrolojinin \u00f6zel etkilerine inanan Campanella, y\u0131ld\u0131zlardaki birtak\u0131m belirtilere bak\u0131p, d\u00fcnya y\u00fcz\u00fcnde, \u00f6zellikle Napoli krall\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve Calabria\u2019da devrimler olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Dinsel ve toplumsal alanda gerekli sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini bir\u00e7ok manast\u0131r rahiplerine benimsetmi\u015fti. Giannone\u2019ye bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fc a\u015fk\u0131n rahip bu ayaklanmaya kat\u0131l\u0131yor. Bir\u00e7ok vaiz halk\u0131n aras\u0131na girip \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015fmak, parayla insan kan\u0131 ak\u0131tan, yoksullar\u0131 ezen kral adamlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fkencelerine son vermek i\u00e7in birle\u015fmeye\u201d \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yorlar onu. Napoli\u2019li bir\u00e7ok soylularla birlikte bir hayli piskopos da bu ayaklanmay\u0131 destekliyor. Bu ara, bir T\u00fcrk donanmas\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 da sa\u011flan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

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\u201cBildiklerimi \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in, sizin i\u00e7ti\u011finiz \u015faraplar\u0131n on misli kandil ya\u011f\u0131 harcad\u0131m\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ama ayaklanma \u00f6nceden haber al\u0131narak \u00f6nleniyor ve bir T\u00fcrk gemisine ka\u00e7mak \u00fczere anla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kay\u0131k\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 bekleyen Campanella bir kul\u00fcbede yakalanarak Napoli\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor. At\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hapishanede korkun\u00e7 i\u015fkencelere u\u011fruyor. Atheimus triumphatus<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinin \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde Campanella \u00e7ekti\u011fi i\u015fkenceleri \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

\u201cElli hapishaneye girdim \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m. Yedi kez, t\u00fcyler \u00fcrpertici i\u015fkencelere u\u011frad\u0131m. Son i\u015fkence k\u0131rk saat s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bedenimi iplerle s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 sar\u0131p kan revan i\u00e7inde b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. Ellerimi arkaya ba\u011flay\u0131p, sivri bir kaz\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne salland\u0131rd\u0131lar beni. K\u0131rk saat sonra beni \u00f6ld\u00fc sand\u0131lar, i\u015fkenceyi durdurdular. \u0130\u015fkencecilerimden baz\u0131lar\u0131, can\u0131m\u0131 daha da yakmak i\u00e7in, as\u0131l\u0131 bulundu\u011fum ipi habire oynat\u0131yor, boyuna k\u00fcf\u00fcr savuruyorlard\u0131. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 da, \u2018Yaman adam, do\u011frusu\u2019 demekten kendilerini alam\u0131yorlard\u0131; Hi\u00e7bir \u015feyle sarsamad\u0131lar, alt edemediler beni, bir tek s\u00f6z bile alamad\u0131lar a\u011fz\u0131mdan (1) Tam alt\u0131 ay s\u00fcren bir hastal\u0131ktan, bir mucizeyle kurtulduktan sonra, bir \u00e7ukura att\u0131lar beni. On be\u015f ay kald\u0131m orada. Sonra yarg\u0131\u00e7 \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131m. \u00d6nce bana: \u2018\u00d6\u011frenmedi\u011fin \u015feyi nas\u0131l bilebilirsin? \u015eeytan m\u0131 var senin emrinde?\u2019 diye sordular. Ben de: \u2018Bildiklerimi \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in, sizin i\u00e7ti\u011finiz \u015faraplar\u0131n on misli kandil ya\u011f\u0131 harcad\u0131m\u2019 diye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdim. \u00dc\u00e7 D\u00fczmeci<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 yazmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131lar beni. Oysa ben daha d\u00fcnyaya gelmeden bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bu kitap. Beni Demokritos\u2019un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini benimsemekle, kiliseye kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca duygular beslemekle, din kurallar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131lar. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019te, Ay\u2019da ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlarda devrimleri haber veren belirtileri ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcp ayaklanmalar haz\u0131rlamakla, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 sonsuz ve bozulmaz g\u00f6steren Aristoteles\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131lar beni. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlardan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, beni t\u0131pk\u0131 Jeramiah gibi, havas\u0131z, \u0131\u015f\u0131ks\u0131z bir \u00e7ukura t\u0131kt\u0131lar.\u201d<\/p>\n

Campanella\u2019n\u0131n hapislik hayat\u0131 yirmi yedi y\u0131l s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. B\u00f6ylesine uzun bir i\u015fkence hayat\u0131na Campanella gibi ruh ve kafaca sa\u011flam, inan\u00e7lar\u0131nda sars\u0131lmaz bir insan dayanabilirdi ancak. Nitekim i\u015fkencecilerine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131 hep havada kal\u0131yor, onlardan ne ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyor, ne de yard\u0131m bekliyor. \u0130stedi\u011fi tek \u015fey, kitap, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t ve kalem; yani, kafas\u0131n\u0131 beslemek ve kafas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya sa\u00e7mak.<\/p>\n

Campanella\u2019n\u0131n hapis hayat\u0131 1926\u2019da sona eriyor. \u0130spanya kral\u0131 Philip III\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra (1621), papa Urbanus VIII\u2019in be\u015f y\u0131l s\u00fcren \u00e7abas\u0131yla serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131p Roma\u2019ya gidiyor. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden, pusuda bekleyen d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011fruyor ve Frans\u0131z el\u00e7isinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla Fransa\u2019ya ka\u00e7\u0131yor. Kardinal Richelieu ve Louis XIII.\u2019den yak\u0131nl\u0131k ve yard\u0131m g\u00f6ren Campanella \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Paris\u2019te dominken manast\u0131r\u0131nda sessiz ve rahat ge\u00e7iriyor. 1639\u2019da, yetmi\u015f bir ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

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Felsefe, Kutsal Kitaplar\u0131n ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc otoritenin bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131lmal\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Campanella, hemen hepsi L\u00e2tince olan say\u0131s\u0131z eserler yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Felsefe tarihinde Campanella\u2019n\u0131n ad\u0131, Aristoteles felsefesinin d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ve deneysel y\u00f6ntemin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bacon\u2019dan \u00f6nce, fizik alan\u0131nda, g\u00f6zlem olmadan, varsay\u0131mlar deneylemeyle kontrol edilmeden sa\u011flam hi\u00e7bir bilgiye var\u0131lamaz, diyen o olmu\u015ftur (G. Fonsgrive), Calabria\u2019l\u0131 filozof, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, felsefeyle tanr\u0131bilimi birbirinden ay\u0131rmak gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ona g\u00f6re, felsefe duygu ve ak\u0131l yoluyla var\u0131lan tabiat bilgisidir, \u0130ncil<\/em>\u2019se imanla tabiat-\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131may\u0131 ama\u00e7 edinmi\u015ftir. Tabiat\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda ondan faydalanmak anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi halde, tanr\u0131bilim sadece ruhun kurtulu\u015fuyla ilgilenmektedir. Onun i\u00e7in, felsefe, tabiat\u0131n s\u0131rlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015f bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma olarak, Kutsal Kitaplar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kendini kurtarmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kitaplar\u0131n b\u00f6ylesi bilgiyle hi\u00e7bir ili\u015fkisi yoktur. Ayr\u0131ca felsefe, kendini insandan (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Aristoteles\u2019ten) gelen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc otoriteden de kurtarmal\u0131d\u0131r (Bruna Widmar).<\/p>\n

Felsefe eserlerinin de\u011feri ne denli b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa olsun, Campanella\u2019dan bug\u00fcne kalan, ad\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczle\u015ftiren \u015fey, hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphe yok ki, G\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi<\/em>\u2019nde dile getirdi\u011fi toplumsal bir d\u00fczen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesidir. \u0130lk defa Utrecht\u2019de 1643\u2019de bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan G\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi<\/em>, (Civitas Solis), Platon\u2019un Devlet<\/em>\u2019i ve Thomas More\u2019un Utopia<\/em>\u2019s\u0131yla ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00e7izgisi \u00fczerinde, insano\u011flunu mutlu bir ya\u015fay\u0131\u015fa kavu\u015fturma yolundaki isteklerin en temiziyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eserlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOT<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Campanella\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 Rossi ad\u0131nda bir yazar \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: Campanella\u2019ya otuz be\u015f saat boyunca yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fkence \u00f6ylesine vah\u015ficeydi ki k\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn kan damarlar\u0131 kopmu\u015f, a\u00e7\u0131lan yaralardan durmadan kanlar bo\u015fan\u0131yordu. Bununla beraber, di\u015flerini s\u0131k\u0131p i\u015fkenceye \u00f6ylesine dayand\u0131 ki, a\u011fz\u0131ndan, bir filozofa yak\u0131\u015fmayacak tek kelime bile alamad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Campanella\u2019n\u0131n hapislik hayat\u0131 yirmi yedi y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. B\u00f6ylesine uzun bir i\u015fkence hayat\u0131na onun gibi ruh ve kafaca sa\u011flam, inan\u00e7lar\u0131nda sars\u0131lmaz bir insan dayanabilirdi ancak. Nitekim i\u015fkencecilerine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131 hep havada kald\u0131, onlardan ne ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi, ne de yard\u0131m bekledi. \u0130stedi\u011fi tek \u015fey, kitap, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t ve kalem; yani kafas\u0131n\u0131 beslemek ve kafas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya sa\u00e7makt\u0131. Campanella\u2019ya […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":316,"featured_media":9876,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[100,30,38,222,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9875","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-62-sayi","category-astronomi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-tarih","category-toplum"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t