{"id":9914,"date":"2011-03-01T19:30:38","date_gmt":"2011-03-01T17:30:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=9914"},"modified":"2017-05-21T19:50:30","modified_gmt":"2017-05-21T16:50:30","slug":"osmanli-duzeni-nasil-curudu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2011\/03\/01\/osmanli-duzeni-nasil-curudu","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fczeni nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Toprak ekonomisi dirlik kontrol\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 \u015fah\u0131s m\u00fclkiyeti halinde malikanele\u015ferek derebeyle\u015ftik\u00e7e, devletin mali temelleri adeta birdenbire bo\u015fta kald\u0131. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7abuklu\u011fuyla y\u0131k\u0131lan devlet maliyesi, imparatorlu\u011fun b\u00fct\u00fcn idari, siyasi, askeri, dini \u00fcst katlar\u0131n\u0131 berhava eden \u00f6zel bir mekanizma haline geldi. <\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"Sunu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z makale, Dr. Hikmet K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131ml\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Tarihinin Maddesi\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131ndan (Sosyal \u0130nsan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2007) al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131ml\u0131, bu olduk\u00e7a hacimli eserinde Osmanl\u0131 sistemini b\u00fct\u00fcn ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla inceliyor. Aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z b\u00f6l\u00fcm bir \u00f6zet niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yor. Fakat okurlar\u0131m\u0131za kitab\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc okumalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyoruz.<\/p>\n

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Osman Gazi\u2019yi g\u00f6steren bir resim. \u0130lk Osmanl\u0131lar \u0130stanbul\u2019da yerle\u015finceye kadar g\u00f6\u00e7ebe sadeliklerinden \u00e7ok \u015fey kaybetmemi\u015flerdi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130lk g\u00f6\u00e7ebe fazileti<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em>\u0130lk Osmanl\u0131lar, gerek H\u0131ristiyan (Bizans) gerek M\u00fcsl\u00fcman (Sel\u00e7uk) medeniyetlerinin k\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fcst\u00fcne, Gordiyon\u2019un d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kesen \u0130skender k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 gibi indiler. \u0130stanbul\u2019da yerle\u015finceye kadar g\u00f6\u00e7ebe sadeliklerinden \u00e7ok \u015fey kaybetmediler. Ba\u015fta padi\u015fah, daima halka yak\u0131n ve hizmetk\u00e2r g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyi ideal bilen bir gazi evliya say\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u0130dare edilen halk\u0131 soyup, ezmek hi\u00e7bir zaman, \u0130stanbul fethinden sonraki derecelerde sistemle\u015femedi. Tabii g\u00f6\u00e7ebe demokrasisi, \u015feriat k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile i\u00e7erdeki vatanda\u015flara emniyet veriyordu. Yaln\u0131z d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 zalimle\u015fmi\u015f kadim idarelere kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k yaman ve korkun\u00e7 bir kuvvetti.
\nB\u00f6yle bir kuvvet, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, H\u0131ristiyan, b\u00fct\u00fcn kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerin \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na deh\u015fet verdi\u011fi kadar, alt s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na cazibe ta\u015f\u0131yordu. O sayede, ba\u015fka dinden ahali bile, kendi b\u00fcy\u00fcklerine kar\u015f\u0131 ihanet, hatta isyan ederek Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya teslim olabildiler.<\/p>\n

\u201cY\u00fcce Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, daha ilk adaletli \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan reayadan, ba\u015f vergisi (cizye) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda vergi almay\u0131p, reayan\u0131n ekti\u011fi ve toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden \u00f6\u015f\u00fcr (ondal\u0131k) ve cizyelerini almakla yetindi\u011finden, reaya rahat ve huzur i\u00e7indedir. Y\u00fcce Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bu t\u00fcr reayan\u0131n g\u00fcvenlik asayi\u015fini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve adalet ve iyilikle davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcp, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayanlar\u0131n hem din hem de mezheplerinden olan kendi krallar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zul\u00fcm ve eziyetlerine de tahamm\u00fclleri kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan peri\u015fan bir durumdad\u0131rlar. Bu y\u00fczden, Rumeli taraflar\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn reaya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin h\u00fckm\u00fcnde olmay\u0131 temenni etmekte, kendilerine de adalet ve yard\u0131m bah\u015fedilece\u011fini bilmektedirler. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ordusunun zahire ve malzemelerini bulma ve kale ve hisarlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme yollar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama konusunda istekli davranmaktad\u0131rlar. Devleti Ali, Rumeli\u2019nin de\u011ferli, itibarl\u0131 ve verimli yerlerini kendi h\u00fck\u00fcmleri alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcp, \u015fan, \u015fevket ve azametleri\u2026\u201d (Beriyyel\u015faml\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cNizam Devlet Hakk\u0131nda M\u00fctalaat\u201d\u0131) olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Derebey e\u011filimleri giderek Osmanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kaderi haline girer. Beylik her \u015feyden \u00f6nce g\u00f6steri\u015f palavras\u0131 ile ya\u015far.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn kadim (antik) barbar ak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 f\u00fbtuhat\u0131na dair Osmanl\u0131 kaleminden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bu birka\u00e7 sat\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/p>\n

Yerlile\u015fme zilleti<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em>Sonra ne olur? Baz\u0131 skolastik ve metafizik mant\u0131klara \u201cTarih bir tekerr\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u201d dedirten devridaim ve fasit daire ba\u015flar. Raporcunun tabiriyle \u201cFevait\u2019i hareket ve nushat\u201d (g\u00f6\u00e7ebe gezgincili\u011finin yararl\u0131klar\u0131) unutulur. Eski medeniyet topraklar\u0131nda yerle\u015fme k\u00f6kle\u015ftik\u00e7e, o medeniyet m\u00fcnasebetleriyle beraber faziletleri de, rezaletleri de yeniden geli\u015fir. \u0130lk zamanlar\u0131n f\u00fctuhat sava\u015flar\u0131nda d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fen, d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f\u00fc g\u00fcden g\u00f6\u00e7ebeler kurban gidiyorlard\u0131. Kavgadan rahata ve sefahata vakit bulunmuyordu. Zaferler istikrarla\u015f\u0131nca, Bizans ve Sel\u00e7uk devrinin y\u0131rt\u0131nan ve kendi kendini yiyen k\u0131s\u0131r kavgalar\u0131 mayna etti. Yani rejimin \u015fefleri at \u00fcst\u00fcnde se\u011firtmekten kald\u0131lar. Oturup sefa s\u00fcrme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 geldi. Beryet\u00fcl\u015faml\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fczelce anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, mesela:<\/p>\n

\u201cElli, altm\u0131\u015f seneden m\u00fctecaviz (a\u015fk\u0131n) selatin\u2019i azam hat\u0131rat\u0131 (saltanat \u00e7evresi), Dar\u00fclh\u0131lafet\u00fcl \u0130sl\u00e2mbolda meks ve aram\u201d ettiler (yerle\u015ftiler). \u201cAlellensal (aral\u0131ks\u0131z) otuz seneden m\u00fctecaviz o katta dahi seferler terk\u201d olundu.<\/p>\n

Barbar toplumun manevi meziyetlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan ilk gaziler, hareket halinde iken, yaln\u0131z av, seyahat ve sefer yapmakla kalmazlar. \u201cZul\u00fcmlere m\u00fcmanaat\u201d (engel olma) ile de u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc gazi, ilk \u0130slam gelene\u011finin mukaddes demokrat \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fcyle sava\u015f\u0131r. \u0130nsanlara fisebil\u00fcllah adalet sunmaya kendini Tanr\u0131 el\u00e7isi bilir. \u0130nanc\u0131nda yerden g\u00f6\u011fe kadar hakl\u0131d\u0131r da. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir lokma bir h\u0131rka ile kal\u0131p dedi\u011fini yapar. Onun en koyu taassuplu dincili\u011fi halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fczel, kuvvetli, y\u00fcksek bir fazilettir. Onun i\u00e7in rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mazlumlar\u0131 kuca\u011f\u0131na \u00e7eker.
\nAyn\u0131 gaziler medenile\u015ftik\u00e7e: \u201cBir mahalde t\u00fbl\u2019i (uzun s\u00fcre) ikamet\u201d ahlaka da tesir eder. Evvelce \u00f6m\u00fcrleri at \u00fcst\u00fcnde ge\u00e7erdi. Giydikleri kendi \u00fczerlerinde \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcp d\u00f6k\u00fclmedik\u00e7e de\u011fi\u015fmezdi. Yedikleri at terkisi alt\u0131nda pi\u015fmi\u015f etti. \u0130\u00e7tikleri ayn\u0131 at\u0131n s\u00fct\u00fcnden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131. \u015eimdi eski saltanatlar\u0131n saraylar\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Oradaki s\u00fcsl\u00fc hayat muhte\u015fem yap\u0131lar, bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u201cHanei berdu\u015f: evi omzunda\u201d \u00e7ad\u0131r insan\u0131nca elbet umulmaz tesirlerini yapacakt\u0131r. G\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 hazineler emrindedir. Yaln\u0131z boyun e\u011fmeye al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dedikoducu y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmez, tiksinti ile kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k ba\u015flar. L\u00e2kin, medeniyet, barbarl\u0131ktan \u00fcst\u00fcn ve rahat, g\u00f6\u00e7ebelikten ince ve ba\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir topluluktur. Gazi de ne kadar kendini Allah ve cihada vakfetse nihayet bir insand\u0131r. Hem de co\u015fkun, kanl\u0131, ta\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131klara elveri\u015fli, ayr\u0131ca \u00e7apulu me\u015fru \u201cganimet\u201d bilen, g\u00f6z\u00fcpek, h\u0131rsl\u0131 bir insan… Neden i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi medeni nimetler hazinesinden bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koparmas\u0131n? Neden, a\u011fz\u0131na kadar sihirli i\u00e7kiyle dolu, dudaklar\u0131na kadar kolayca uzat\u0131lan medeniyet kadehinden bir yudum \u00e7ekmesin?
\n\u00dcstelik, yapaca\u011f\u0131, ba\u015fka i\u015f de kalmam\u0131\u015f gibi. G\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn alabildi\u011fine \u00fclkeler aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda. Kendi inanc\u0131na z\u0131t ba\u015flar yerde. \u0130nsan y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131, yuvalar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnden medeniyet kayas\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca g\u00fcne\u015fe \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f kar\u0131ncalar gibi kayna\u015f\u0131yorlar. \u201cAsiyab\u2019\u0131 devlet\u201d kurulmu\u015ftur. Onu \u201cbir 0 olu\u015fa d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.\u201d \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc eski g\u00f6\u00e7ebe gazi ba\u015flar\u0131n demokrat meclislerindeki hesapla\u015fma yok. \u0130\u015faret et, kelleler u\u00e7sun. Etraf\u0131ndaki k\u00f6lelerin mi sana kafa tutacak? \u00d6nlerine birer kemik atars\u0131n, dua ederler. Eski medeniyetin g\u00fczel yap\u0131lar\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131lamaz. \u0130cab\u0131nda \u00e7ad\u0131rlar ta\u015fla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve korkutucu heybet, yukar\u0131dakilerin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilere kar\u015f\u0131 mehabeti de biraz kabul edilir. Yoksa, bir avu\u00e7 adam\u0131n (\u201ck\u00fcllet\u2019i c\u00fcn\u00fbd\u2019 muvahhidin\u201din) o, ayr\u0131 dinden, ayr\u0131 dilden, ayr\u0131 k\u00f6kten milyonlar mah\u015feri i\u00e7inde zabt\u0131 rabt\u0131 kurmas\u0131 kolay olmaz.
\nG\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayat \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fekil ve \u015fiarlar\u0131yla, b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcessese ve kaideleriyle yeni bir medeniyet \u015fafa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6kmektedir. Eski ruhtan ilham alm\u0131\u015f, yeni ruha uygunla\u015fan idare kadrosu, geni\u015f f\u00fctuhat \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7inde belirip kemikle\u015fir. Gazi beyler, \u00e7evrelerini saran adamlar\u0131yla yeni hayata \u0131s\u0131n\u0131rlar. Cemiyette, yeni toprak d\u00fczeninin canland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 refah, s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015fma temay\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc geli\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

L\u00fcks ve bor\u00e7<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em>Otuz y\u0131llar sefersiz, hareketsiz kal\u0131nd\u0131 m\u0131: \u201cBar\u0131\u015f\u0131n nimetleriyle me\u015fgul olma, gerek komutanlar, gerekse t\u00fcm askeri ve sava\u015f ehlini seferi ihmal eder ve g\u00f6rmezden gelir yapm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zellikle asker z\u00fcmresinin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, bar\u0131\u015f yanl\u0131s\u0131 olup, sanayi ve t\u00fcccar kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n, bol kazan\u00e7 ve mal biriktirme e\u011filimleriyle do\u011fal olarak seferden nefret ettikleri\u201d (Beriyet\u00fcl\u015faml\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cNizam Devlet Hakk\u0131nda M\u00fctalat\u201d\u0131) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nK\u0131sacas\u0131 eski \u00fclk\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7ebe asker gazi, yava\u015f yava\u015f menfaat d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn\u00fc sivil bezirg\u00e2na d\u00f6ner.
\nEdinilen zenginlikler ne olacak? Tefeci-bezirg\u00e2n efrad\u0131 irat haz\u0131r yiyicili\u011fini ahl\u00e2k haline sokar. \u0130rad\u0131n en garantili biricik tekeli, toprak beyli\u011fidir. Onun i\u00e7in, memleketimizde h\u00e2l\u00e2 a\u011f\u0131r basan derebey e\u011filimleri Osmanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kaderi haline girer. Beylik her \u015feyden \u00f6nce g\u00f6steri\u015f palavras\u0131 ile ya\u015far. \u015eimdiki rekl\u00e2m ve propaganda vas\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n yerini, beylerin l\u00fcks\u00fc tutar. Etrafa g\u00f6zda\u011f\u0131 vermek i\u00e7in o zamanlar matbuat ve radyo yoktur. Cahil halk i\u00e7inde yak\u0131n akisler yaratan ve geri \u00fclkelerde h\u00e2l\u00e2 ge\u00e7er ak\u00e7e say\u0131lan \u015fevket ve satvet g\u00f6sterileri al\u0131r y\u00fcr\u00fcr.
\nK\u00f6yde a\u011fala\u015fan, etraftakilere yukar\u0131dan bakmak i\u00e7in, dam\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne bir kat \u00e7\u0131kmakla, fani halktan ayr\u0131lmaya ba\u015flar. Sosyal y\u00fckseli\u015f basamaklar\u0131n\u0131n elle tutulur sembol\u00fc bina katlar\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yerinde medeni yap\u0131lar ba\u015fverir. Yap\u0131, sadece d\u00f6rt duvar olarak kalmaz. \u0130\u00e7ine, d\u0131\u015f\u0131na bin bir yeni har\u00e7, bor\u00e7 ister. Ona g\u00f6re d\u00f6\u015fem, dayam, giyim, ku\u015fam, yeyim, i\u00e7im, hadem, ha\u015fem, \u00e7orap s\u00f6k\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olur.
\n\u201cC\u00fcmleye istirahat \u2018huzuriyet tabiat\u2019 saniye olmakla, rical ve kibar\u2019\u0131 devletse derun\u2019u \u0130sl\u00e2mbolda efl\u00e2ke ser \u00e7ekmi\u015f haneler bina ve in\u015fa ve Bo\u011fazi\u00e7inde kezalik refi\u2019\u00fclb\u00fcnyan sahilhaneler peyda ve mefru\u015fat esaslar\u0131nda dahi tekell\u00fcfat\u2019\u0131 azime ederek, ebniyeye muvaf\u0131k sair levaz\u0131m ve metumat ve hadem ve ha\u015fem (yardak\u00e7\u0131lar) ve elbise ve merk\u00fcbatta (ayakkab\u0131lar) hadd\u2019\u0131 itidali tecav\u00fcz\u201d (Yazar\u0131 belirsizNizam Devlet Hakk\u0131nda M\u00fctelaat, Tarihi Osmanl\u0131 Enc\u00fcmeni Mecbuas\u0131, n.941-943) ba\u015flar.
\nOk yaydan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Medeniyet, divan edebiyat\u0131ndaki \u201cKan dolu fena \u00e7e\u015fmesi\u201ddir:<\/p>\n

\u201cBir kere i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fmei perhun\u2019u fen\u00e2dan, ba\u015f\u0131n alamaz bir dahi baran bel\u00e2dan\u201d<\/p>\n

Feragatl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe lokma lokma kopard\u0131\u011f\u0131 medeniyet nimetlerine doyamaz; yudum yudum i\u00e7ti\u011fi medeniyet iksiriyle sarho\u015ftur. \u201c\u00dcz\u00fcm \u00fcz\u00fcme bakarak karar\u0131p k\u0131zar\u0131r\u201d. \u201cKi\u015fi e\u015finden azar\u201d. Masraflar israfa d\u00f6ner. \u0130sraflar suiistimali getirir.<\/p>\n

\u201cHerkes haddinden \u00e7ok binalar, s\u00fcsl\u00fc giysiler, ev e\u015fyalar\u0131, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc israftan \u00e7ok fazla masraf etti\u011finden, \u00e7ok fezle borca girmi\u015f\u201d (Beriyet\u00fcl\u015faml\u0131) olur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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S\u00fcleyman \u201cKanun\u00ee\u201d ile birlikte mukataalar devri ba\u015fm\u0131\u015f, derebeylik kanunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Soysuzla\u015fma<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em>Bor\u00e7lanan bey ne yapar? Topraklar\u0131 i\u015fleyen h\u00fcr \u00e7ift\u00e7iyi soyar. Soyulan \u00e7ift\u00e7iyi \u00e7al\u0131nan topra\u011fa zorla ba\u011fl\u0131 tutar. \u00c7ift\u00e7ilerin toprakbentle\u015fmesi topraklar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131 ile atba\u015f\u0131 gider. Toplumun kendilerine bir em\u00e2neti olan dirlikleri, \u201csahib\u00fclarz\u201dlar \u00e7al\u0131p \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131yorlar demek, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n beyt\u00fclmal\u0131\u201d soyuluyor, devletin maddi gelir kaynaklar\u0131 t\u00fckeniyor demektir. Devlet, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7aresine bakarken, ya\u011fmurdan ka\u00e7an\u0131n doluya tutulmas\u0131na u\u011frar. Derebeylerden kurtulmak i\u00e7in, para babalar\u0131na, tefeci-bezirg\u00e2n sermayeye ba\u015fvurur. Beylerin yap\u0131, d\u00f6\u015fem, giyim, yiyim ve s\u00fcslerinin sarflar\u0131, olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir \u00f6nsermaye geli\u015fimine kap\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bey bor\u00e7lanmalar\u0131, zaten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7i i\u015fletmesinin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz paraziti tefecili\u011fi son dereceye ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nDevlet, dal\u0131nda olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f tefeci-bezirgan geli\u015fimini dev \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcyle bir darbede \u201ckanun<\/strong>\u201dla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. S\u00fcleyman \u201cKanun\u00ee\u201dnin mukataalar devri ba\u015flar. Miri topraklar, o zamana kadar, hi\u00e7 olmazsa \u015fer\u2019en<\/strong> toplum m\u00fclkiyeti ipote\u011finde kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Kesim d\u00fczeniyle beraber \u201cMalik\u00e2ne<\/strong>\u201dle\u015fen miri topraklar ans\u0131z\u0131n, tabiri caizse menkulle\u015firler<\/strong>. Ar\u015fimet\u2019in d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesnet! \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu berhava edecek mukataa (kesim) manivelas\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.
\nAyn\u0131 gidi\u015f, hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn eski medeniyetlerde oldu\u011fu gibi, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da dahi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Barbar ak\u0131nlar\u0131, kavimler g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc (muhaceret\u2019i akvam), bir nevi ba\u011f bozumudur. G\u00f6\u00e7lerin arkas\u0131ndan, bir \u00e7e\u015fit cemiyette \u201c\u0131st\u0131fai tabii\u201d (tabii ar\u0131n\u0131m) yoluyla kurulan b\u00fcy\u00fck saltanatlar: Derlenmi\u015f salk\u0131mlar\u0131n bir hazinede \u00e7i\u011fnenip \u015f\u0131raya \u00e7evrilmesine benzer. Bu \u015f\u0131ra ne olacakt\u0131r?
\nO zamana kadar tarihte daima, tefeci-bezirgan mayalanma en sonra dozunu ve tuzunu ka\u00e7\u0131rarak \u015f\u0131ray\u0131 sirkeye \u00e7evirmi\u015f: \u00d6nsermayeyi derebeylikle soysuzla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bat\u0131\u2019da, insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in birinci defa olmak \u00fczere, orta\u00e7a\u011f mayalan\u0131\u015f\u0131, soysuzla\u015fmadan, bildi\u011fimiz ileri rejime, modern kapitalizme<\/strong> do\u011fru, tabir caizse \u015farapla\u015ft\u0131. Osmanl\u0131l\u0131kta orta\u00e7a\u011f, hi\u00e7bir senteze varamadan \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcp ek\u015fidi, sirke kesildi.
\nYery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en g\u00f6zde par\u00e7as\u0131ndan, as\u0131rlar boyunca k\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7atlatan ve \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc t\u0131kanmak bilmeyen keskin Osmanl\u0131 sirkesi hangi mayalan\u0131\u015flar\u0131n mahsul\u00fcd\u00fcr? Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, canl\u0131 tarihin en ba\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc giriftlikleriyle doludur. Burada sebeplerle neticeler, ucu buca\u011f\u0131 gelmez k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131\u015flarla birbirlerine girerek kas\u0131rgala\u015f\u0131r, girdapla\u015f\u0131rlar. Sebebi neticeden ay\u0131rmak yaln\u0131z g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil, olaylar\u0131n canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bozan bir yapmal\u0131kt\u0131r da.<\/p>\n

Kesim d\u00fczeninde miri toprak h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em>Mukataalar sistemi, biliyoruz, Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131ndan ordusuna ve dinine kadar sosyal, hatta bir bak\u0131ma co\u011frafi b\u00fct\u00fcn sahalar\u0131 ans\u0131z\u0131n tefeci-bezirgan hegemonyas\u0131na \u015farts\u0131z kay\u0131ts\u0131z teslim eden bir kanun, bir yeni anayasad\u0131r. Kesim d\u00fczeninde Osmanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn zenginlik kaynaklar\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn insan ve te\u015fkil\u00e2tlar\u0131 \u00f6nsermayenin h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve icaplar\u0131 alt\u0131na girer.
\nBu darbenin ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, son duru\u015fmada gene halk ve bilhassa o zamanki \u00e7ift\u00e7i \u00e7eker. Toplum topraklar\u0131 iki sinsi kanalla beyt\u00fclmalden \u015fahsi m\u00fclkiyet kesimine do\u011fru aktar\u0131l\u0131r:
\n1) L\u00e2ik \u015fahs\u00ee m\u00fclkiyet kesimi: Malik\u00e2ne<\/strong>
\n2) Din\u00ee \u015fahs\u00ee m\u00fclkiyet kesimi: Evkaf<\/strong>.
\n\u0130lk zamanlar, orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n mistik havai nes\u00eemisi (atmosferi) i\u00e7inde g\u00f6r\u00fclen her de\u011fi\u015fiklik gizli mukataalarda keskin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131yla g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaz. Malikaneler, \u00e2deta l\u00e2ik bir \u00e7e\u015fit evkafa benzerler; evkaflar, dini bir \u00e7e\u015fit malikane \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131r. Ama, her iki m\u00fcessese de, birka\u00e7 hatta bir nesil sonra ayn\u0131 yola \u00e7\u0131karlar: M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n orta mal\u0131 say\u0131lan topraklar, parababalar\u0131yla anla\u015fm\u0131\u015f din ve d\u00fcnya a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n ve beylerinin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na ge\u00e7er. Lugat manas\u0131yla kontrol (\u201crakabe\u201d) s\u00f6zde gene \u201cbeyt\u00fclmal\u0131nd\u0131r.\u201d Fakat, Beyt\u00fclmal\u0131n fiilen kontrol\u00fc s\u0131f\u0131ra d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\nK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ekinci durumlar\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza eden \u00e7ift\u00e7i \u201creaya\u201dn\u0131n zaten toprak \u00fczerinde m\u00fclkiyeti evvelce de yoktu. L\u00e2kin dirlik d\u00fczeninde hi\u00e7 de\u011filse \u201ctasarruf<\/strong>\u201d haklar\u0131 vard\u0131. Kesim d\u00fczeniyle beraber, \u00e7ift\u00e7inin toplum topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki tasarruf hakk\u0131 kalkar; malikane ve evkaf sahiplerine ge\u00e7er. Avrupa orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n din ve d\u00fcnya derebeyleri, Osmanl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa evkaf ve malikane k\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131yla girerler.
\n\u0130slaml\u0131kta H\u0131ristiyan manast\u0131r\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa derebeyli\u011fi yoktur. Amenna! Lakin tekkelerle evkaf\u0131n manas\u0131n\u0131 kim ink\u00e2r edebilir? \u0130slaml\u0131k derebeyi \u201ckabul\u201d etmese bile, derebey \u0130slaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etti mi, mesele kalmaz. Kabahat dinde, imanda de\u011fil: \u0130nsanda. \u0130nsan parayla sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131 m\u0131, dini iman\u0131 da beraber gider. Ve \u0130slaml\u0131k kadar temiz demokrat bir din bile, a\u011falar ve beylerce m\u00fckemmelen maskelenebilir.\"\"<\/p>\n

Dirlik d\u00fczeni ile kesim d\u00fczeni fark\u0131<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em>\u201cMukataan\u0131n malikane verilmesi\u201d, \u201cNizam Devlet Hakk\u0131nda M\u00fctalaat\u201d yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n dedikleri gibi, ilk zamanlar g\u00fcya s\u0131rf \u201cmamuriyeti te\u015fvik\u201d i\u00e7indi. Dirlik\u00e7i beylerin zul\u00fcm ve irtikaplar\u0131yla pek z\u00fc\u011f\u00fcrt d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere tohum, vesaire vermek gibi \u00fcretimi hedef tutan bir tedbir say\u0131l\u0131yordu. Tarihte hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fczeni, kendini hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karacak iddialar yapmadan y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlara mal edilemez.
\nUygulamaya bakal\u0131m. Hi\u00e7bir \u201cmalikane\u201d sahibi mukataac\u0131, ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck topraklar\u0131 kendisi ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ip i\u015fletmez. Zaten \u201cmalikane\u201dnin i\u015fletme denilecek zirai faaliyet k\u0131sm\u0131yla mukataac\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan do\u011fruya hi\u00e7bir ilgisi yoktur. O, sadece malikane topraklar\u0131nda \u00fcretim faaliyeti yapan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerden toplanacak gelirler i\u00e7in araya girmi\u015ftir. Ama ayr\u0131ca, bu gelirleri dahi bizzat toplamaz. Tefeci-bezirgan arac\u0131lara \u0131smarlar.
\nB\u00f6ylelikle mukataa d\u00fczeninin \u00e7ift\u00e7isi, kesimci beylerden ziyade m\u00fcltezim, cizyedar, sarraf gibi ikinci, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc el istismarc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nsermaye adamlar\u0131n\u0131n insaf\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nGer\u00e7i k\u00f6yl\u00fcden toplanan iratlar hep ayn\u0131 ismi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar:
\n1) Toprak vergileri (\u00f6\u015f\u00fcr ve hara\u00e7<\/strong>).
\n2) Ba\u015f vergileri (Cizye<\/strong>).
\nL\u00e2kin bunlar\u0131 alanlarla, al\u0131\u015f tarz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015fti.
\n\u201cDirlik D\u00fczeni\u201d \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda \u201csahib arz\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 alan t\u0131mar, zeamet, hatta has sahipleri toprak gelirini bir nevi memur maa\u015f\u0131 gibi al\u0131rlard\u0131. Bug\u00fcn ayn\u0131 devletin bir memuru k\u00f6yl\u00fcden vergiyi toplar, ba\u015fka memuru toplanan paradan memura maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 verir. Dirlik d\u00fczeninde vergiyi toplayan da, ondan ge\u00e7im pay\u0131n\u0131, maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 alan da ayn\u0131 \u015fah\u0131st\u0131… Burada bir sadelik ile beraber, y\u00fck hafifli\u011fi de vard\u0131. S\u00fcr\u00fc sepet bir idareci kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 beslenmiyordu. Dirlik sisteminin b\u00fct\u00fcn kusuru, \u201csahip arz\u201dlar\u0131n \u015fahsi karakterlerine dayanmas\u0131ndan ibaretti. \u015eah\u0131slar l\u00fckse, tamaa ka\u00e7\u0131p derebeyle\u015ftik\u00e7e, dirlik\u00e7ili\u011fin d\u00fczeni bozulacakt\u0131.
\n\u201cKesim D\u00fczeni\u201d \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 da ba\u015flarken, b\u00fct\u00fcn sosyal ili\u015fkileri alt \u00fcst ediyordu. Daha do\u011frusu, fiilen \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan tefeci-bezirgan ili\u015fkileri h\u00fckmen, kanun<\/strong> haline sokuyordu. \u00c7ift\u00e7inin \u00fczerine, falan veya filan iyi veya k\u00f6t\u00fc \u201csahip arz\u201d\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131 de\u011fil, biri iflasa giden devlet; ikisi, bu devleti fiilen kontrolleri alt\u0131na sokan sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f olmak \u00fczere, ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fc\u00e7 kuvvet muazzam bir sistem halinde dikiliyordu.
\nDirlik d\u00fczenindeki devlet, halk\u0131n i\u00e7ine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f toprak iktisadiyat\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131p asayi\u015fe (\u201cdirli\u011fe\u201d) kavu\u015fturmay\u0131 hedef g\u00fcden bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u00fcretici<\/strong> devletti. Kesim d\u00fczenindeki devlet, istihsaldeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc mukataac\u0131 malikane sahiplerine devir etmi\u015fti. Kendisi mukataac\u0131lar\u0131n eline bakan haz\u0131r yeyici, s\u0131rf t\u00fcketici<\/strong> bir devlet durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.
\nBu karakteriyle kesim d\u00fczeninin devleti, elbet topluma ve \u00e7ift\u00e7iye daha a\u011f\u0131r bir y\u00fckt\u00fc.
\nHalbuki, bu a\u011f\u0131r ve fuzuli y\u00fck\u00fcn alt\u0131na giren devlet, ge\u00e7emedi\u011fi deli\u011fin ba\u015f\u0131nda kuyru\u011funa kabak ba\u011flayan fare gibi, iki yeni sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, gayr\u0131 me\u015fru durumlar\u0131ndan me\u015fru vaziyete \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u201cSahip arz\u201d\u0131n dirli\u011fini malikane \u015feklinde kullanmas\u0131, vaktiyle bir su\u00e7tu. \u015eimdi hem de hi\u00e7bir \u00fcretici g\u00f6revi bulunmayacak mukataac\u0131lara miri topraklar resmen malikane olarak veriliyordu.
\nTopra\u011f\u0131n tasarruf hakk\u0131 evvelce bilfiil topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyen \u00e7ift\u00e7inin hakk\u0131 idi. \u015eimdi bu hak \u00e7ift\u00e7iden al\u0131n\u0131yor, arac\u0131 bezirganlara, m\u00fcltezim ve cizyedar adl\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclere ba\u011f\u0131\u015flan\u0131yordu. Tefecilik, \u0130slaml\u0131kta, Kur\u2019an\u0131 Kerim<\/em>\u2019in ate\u015f p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnaht\u0131. Kesim d\u00fczeninde, \u201czemm\u00ee\u201d (gayri-m\u00fcslim) sarraflar\u0131n arkas\u0131nda gizlenen tefeci sermaye, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n beyt\u00fclmal\u201dine ait, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla mukaddes bir vedia olan topraklar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc kemirmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendiriliyordu.
\n\"M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131nLakin, art\u0131k saltanat, eski \u00fclk\u00fcc\u00fc gazileri \u00e7oktan temizlemi\u015fti. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131ktan kim bahis a\u00e7abilirdi? Hak kuvvetindi. Kuvvet paradayd\u0131. Para, bezirganla m\u00fcltezim ve cizyedarlarla, sarraf ve tefecilerindeydi. Devlet z\u00fcmreleri de r\u00fc\u015fvet ve irtik\u00e2p yoluyla ayn\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flara \u00e7oktan kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. R\u00fc\u015fvet ne idi? Bir nevi devlet n\u00fcfuzuyla tefecilik yapmakt\u0131. \u0130rtik\u00e2p ne idi? Bir nevi devlet n\u00fcfuzuyla bezirganl\u0131k yapmakt\u0131.
\nG\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte belki h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u201cEl sultan ibnissultan halifeuyiziy\u015fan sallallah\u00fc fi\u2019arz efendimiz\u201d padi\u015fah mutlak h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131. Ama, onun dizginleri, geriden tefeci-bezirgan z\u00fcmrelere ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Devlet, gelirini mukataac\u0131dan, mukataac\u0131 ise, m\u00fcltezim ve cizyedardan bekliyordu. M\u00fcltezimle cizyedar, iki ahbap \u00e7avu\u015f bezirgan s\u0131fat\u0131yla, tefeci sarrafla ba\u015f ba\u015fa veriyorlar, \u00e7ift\u00e7iden kopar\u0131lacak aslan pay\u0131 ile bundan yukar\u0131daki efendilere, kesimci beyle devlet hazretlerine ayr\u0131lacak pay\u0131 kestiriyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kesim soygununun deh\u015feti<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em>Normal bir kesim d\u00fczeninde:
\n1) En yukar\u0131ya gelen devlet: \u201cMalikane\u201d sahiplerinden \u201cmukataa bedelini\u201d al\u0131r.
\n2) Onun arkas\u0131nda mukataac\u0131: M\u00fcltezimden malikanenin \u201ckira\u201ds\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r.
\nBu iki z\u00fcmre g\u00fcruhlar\u0131na, normal olarak, toprak \u00fcretiminin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mahsullerden yaln\u0131z irat (rant) k\u0131sm\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmelidir. Rant, arazi tekelini elinde tutanlara ge\u00e7en fazla \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr.
\n3) Tefeci-bezirgan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131: Toprak \u00fcretimindeki fazla mahsulden k\u00f6yl\u00fcye d\u00fc\u015fecek pay\u0131, k\u00e2r\u0131 benimser. \"\"
\nKesim d\u00fczeni \u00e7ift\u00e7isi i\u00e7in, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ne irat, ne k\u00e2r k\u0131sm\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u00fcmit kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ona, yaln\u0131z ve daima ancak zaruri ge\u00e7imi i\u00e7in gereken bir i\u015f \u00fccreti kabilinden \u00f6lmeyecek pay d\u00fc\u015fer.
\nUnutmayal\u0131m ki, normal ve klasik Avrupa kapitalizmi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda de\u011filiz. Osmanl\u0131 orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131nday\u0131z. Malikaneleri bilfiil emirlerine al\u0131p, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere i\u015fletir durumuna giren bezirgan sermaye (m\u00fcte\u015febbis m\u00fcltezim), yaln\u0131z mukataac\u0131ya devir edece\u011fi irat<\/strong> pay\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcde kalmas\u0131 icap eden k\u00e2r<\/strong> pay\u0131n\u0131 almakla kalmaz, bizzat k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn zaruri ge\u00e7im pay\u0131n\u0131 da s\u00f6m\u00fcrmekte h\u00fcrd\u00fcr.\u00a0Tayin ve takdir, tamamen bezirgan sermayeye kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fcltezimde paray\u0131 sarraftan, yani tefecilerden buldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, \u00e7ift\u00e7inin mukadderat\u0131, zamane faiz raicine g\u00f6re tefeci-bezirgan sermayenin insaf\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nB\u00f6ylece, orta\u00e7a\u011f toprak ekonomisi denilen ate\u015fin \u00fcst\u00fcne konulan \u00e7apul sacaya\u011f\u0131: (Mukataac\u0131 + Bezirg\u00e2n + Tefeci) \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcz\u00fc olur. Devlet ancak bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fczl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n gerisinde, onlar\u0131n di\u015f ve t\u0131rnaklar\u0131ndan artanlarla ge\u00e7inir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da bu di\u015fleri t\u0131rnaklar\u0131 bilemekte fayda umar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Devlet z\u00fcmreleri de r\u00fc\u015fvet ve irtik\u00e2p yoluyla derebeyi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na \u00e7oktan kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. R\u00fc\u015fvet ne idi? Bir nevi devlet n\u00fcfuzuyla tefecilik yapmakt\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Halbuki irat\u00e7\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f (mukataac\u0131lar) ile tefeci-bezirgan s\u0131n\u0131f (m\u00fcltezim, cizyedar, sarraflar) babalar\u0131 hayr\u0131na var olmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Her sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f gibi, \u00f6nce kendilerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler. Bu sebeple, \u201cvelinimet\u201dleri olan devleti dahi soymaya bakarlar. Onun i\u00e7in, devlet, irat\u00e7\u0131 ve bezirgan-tefeci s\u0131n\u0131flara bel ba\u011flad\u0131k\u00e7a, iflas tehlikesi ile y\u00fcz y\u00fcze gelir. \u0130flas tehlikesine u\u011frad\u0131k\u00e7a irat\u00e7\u0131-bezirgan s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n kuca\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fer.
\nBu \u201cfasit daire\u201d denilen \u201clanet \u00e7emberi\u201d, \u015f\u00fcphesiz, en son duru\u015fmada gene halk\u0131n (ba\u015fta \u00e7ift\u00e7inin) boynuna as\u0131l\u0131r. Devlet, z\u00fc\u011f\u00fcrtledik\u00e7e i\u015fi kalpazanl\u0131\u011fa vurup z\u00fcyuf ak\u00e7e kanal\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn milleti veya mans\u0131p ticareti, caize, ubudiyet, har\u00e7 buyrultu vesair yollar\u0131ndan \u00fcst\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 soymaya bakar. \u0130rat\u00e7\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f (mukataac\u0131lar vesaire) l\u00fcks hayata d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck\u00e7e, geliri temiz olan mukataa topraklar\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fcltezime verirken, 50 y\u0131l evvelkinin \u00fc\u00e7, d\u00f6rt misli bedel ister ve al\u0131rlar.
\nO zaman tefeci-bezirganlar ne yapacaklar? Madem, \u201cg\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fcne yetene\u201ddir, onlar\u0131n da g\u00fc\u00e7leri \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere yeter: Haz\u0131r yeyici devletin ve irat\u00e7\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n dilediklerini verir. Sonra, emme basma tulumba felsefesiyle, yukar\u0131ya verdiklerini, devlet ve malikane sahiplerinin idari, siyasi, dini, askeri, maddi, manevi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yard\u0131mlar\u0131 veya g\u00f6z yummalar\u0131 sayesinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00e7ift\u00e7iden istedi\u011fi gibi ve istedi\u011fi kadar al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cBe\u015f kuru\u015f ziyade veren m\u00fcltezimlerin zulm\u00fcne muavenet (yard\u0131m) olunmak sagire ve kebire (b\u00fcy\u00fck, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devlet mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n hepsine) tabiat\u2019\u0131 saniye makam\u0131nda olmakla\u201d (Mehmet \u015eerif ef. l\u00e2yihas\u0131).
\n\u201cM\u00fcltezimler dahi, iltizam bedelinden ba\u015fka, daha \u00e7ok kazan\u00e7 i\u00e7in, aciz \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere dayanacaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, t\u00fcrl\u00fc t\u00fcrl\u00fc zulme cesaret etmeleriyle, b\u00fct\u00fcn halk, gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz, \u00e7oluk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla, a\u00e7 ve \u00e7\u0131plak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p\u201d (Beriyyel\u015faml\u0131n\u0131n Layihas\u0131) \u00e7abalarlar.<\/p>\n

\u201cZul\u00fcm ve eziyetin \u00e7irkinli\u011fi, ba\u015f vergilerinin tahsilinde, \u015feriata ve kanunlar\u0131n menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak, cizye toplayanlar\u0131n haddi a\u015fan cezaland\u0131rmalar\u0131\u201d (Beriyyel\u015faml\u0131n\u0131n Layihas\u0131) al\u0131r y\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u201cBal\u0131k ba\u015ftan kokar\u201d denir. Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funun \u201ckokmas\u0131\u201d da ilkin ba\u015f\u0131ndan belirdi. Elbet, as\u0131l derin sebepler, yukar\u0131da i\u015faret ettiklerimizdi. Fakat bu sebeplerin satha vuran ufuneti (iltihab\u0131) en \u00e7ok devlet z\u00fcmreleri i\u00e7inde g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpt\u0131.
\nToprak ekonomisi dirlik kontrol\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 \u015fah\u0131s m\u00fclkiyeti halinde malikanele\u015ferek derebeyle\u015ftik\u00e7e, devletin mali temelleri adeta birdenbire bo\u015fta kald\u0131. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7abuklu\u011fuyla y\u0131k\u0131lan devlet maliyesi, imparatorlu\u011fun b\u00fct\u00fcn idari, siyasi, askeri, dini \u00fcst katlar\u0131n\u0131 berhava eden \u00f6zel bir mekanizma haline geldi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Toprak ekonomisi dirlik kontrol\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 \u015fah\u0131s m\u00fclkiyeti halinde malikanele\u015ferek derebeyle\u015ftik\u00e7e, devletin mali temelleri adeta birdenbire bo\u015fta kald\u0131. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7abuklu\u011fuyla y\u0131k\u0131lan devlet maliyesi, imparatorlu\u011fun b\u00fct\u00fcn idari, siyasi, askeri, dini \u00fcst katlar\u0131n\u0131 berhava eden \u00f6zel bir mekanizma haline geldi. Sunu\u015f Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z makale, Dr. Hikmet K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131ml\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Tarihinin Maddesi\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131ndan (Sosyal \u0130nsan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2007) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":481,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[122,28,218,222,29],"tags":[648,238],"class_list":["post-9914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-85-sayi","category-sosyal-bilimler","category-sosyoloji","category-tarih","category-toplum","tag-osmanlilar","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t